complicated and detailed in design
Male bowerbirds create elaborate bowers to impress females.
endure
to deal with something unpleasant, often for a longtime
I can endure her rudeness no longer.
mate
to pair a male and a female in order to produce a baby
Some birds sing in order to attract a mate.
offspring
a child or animal born to a particular parent
Animals mate in order to produce offspring that pass their genes on.
ritual
a series of acts that is always performed in the sameway
Single people are lucky because they do not have to endure strange courting rituals.
romantic
of, relating to, or involving love; showing love
Male bowerbirds are fairly romantic, creating acolorful bower, or an attractive shelter, for their future mate.
scream
to cry out in a loud and high voice because of pain,surprise, anger, etc.
Look out! she screamed.
accent
the way someone pronounces words, influenced bywhere he or she comes from or his or her first language
The accent is on the second syllable.
accomplish
to succeed in doing something
Have you accomplished your task?
barrier
anything that causes difficulty for people trying tounderstand each other
There should be a barrier between the playground and the busy road.
elder
a person who is older
Take the advice of your elders.
minor
small; not very important
Always stop when driving from a minor road on to a major road.
noun
a type of word that identifies a person, place, thing, oridea
The words "boy," "James" and "happiness" are all nouns.
obvious
easy to understand or see
It was obvious from her pale face that she was ill.
politics
ideas and activities relating to government
English is unpopular in many countries because of history or politics.
primary
most important; main
When children begin to speak a primary language that their elders do not, people from different generations cannot communicate.
collide
to hit something or each other with strong force
The cars collided in the fog.
explode
to break apart suddenly and violently, with pieces flyingoutward
The police caused the bomb to explode where it could cause no damage.
fascinate
to cause (someone) to be very interested
She was fascinated by the strange clothes and customs of the country people.
further
far away; more distant
I cannot go any further.
grasp
an understanding of something (usually complicated)
I can't grasp what he's getting at.
intense
very strong; requiring a lot of energy intense solar activity must occur for some colors tobe seen.
particle
in science, one of the smallest pieces that make uplarger things particles from the Sun and the Earth play a major role in the formation of the northern lights.
rotate
to move or turn in a circular pattern
Particles are thrown from the surface of the Sun as it rotates.
solar
of or relating to the Sun
Due to solar winds, the particles are blown into the atmosphere.
cell
the smallest living part of an animal or plant
The human body is made up of cells.
fortunately
luckily; something you say when you are talking about agood thing that happened fortunately, a lot of brain injuries heal over time.
function
the purpose for which a thing is used
The function of the brakes is to stop the car.
injury
damage to someone's body caused by an accident orattack
The motorcyclist suffered severe injuries in the crash.
nerve
a thin thread in the body that carries messagesbetween the brain and other parts of the body
Damaged nerve cells cannot send information the way they need to.
permanent
lasting forever
They made a permanent home in England.
recall
to remember
He had been recalled to his former post.
stem
to come from or originate
Hate sometimes stems from envy.
temporary
continuing for a limited amount of time; not permanent
He made a temporary repair.
drug
medicine; something that helps a person heal or feelbetter
She has been prescribed a new drug for her stomach pains.
nurture
to take care of and support something, especially tohelp it grow
The Amazon’s plants and people should be nurtured.
pharmacy
a store that prepares and sells medicines
The Amazon might be the world’s largest natural pharmacy.
potential
possible; capable of becoming real in the future
That hole in the road is a potential danger.
property
a quality, trait, or characteristic
Hardness is a property of diamonds.
reside
to live in a place
He now resides abroad.
translator
someone whose job is to change information from onelanguage into another translators are available to help with communication between researchers and tribal.
tropical
from or in the hot, humid area near the Equator
No tropical rainforest in the world is larger than the Amazon.
welfare
well-being; the state of being happy, healthy, orsuccessful
Who is looking after the child's welfare?
alert
a warning or a notification
Owners can get instant alerts when motion sensors are set off.
automatically
happening independently or starting on its own
He answered automatically.
control panel
an electrical device with a flat surface that controlsother electrical devices
Smart homes often have computerized control panels on one or more walls.
equip
to provide (something) with a particular feature orability
The school is equipped with four computers.
grocery
items bought at the supermarket, like food andcleaning supplies
A smart refrigerator can order groceries as they are used up.
portable
able to be carried
Smart homes can be controlled through portable computers.
priority
a very important thing, compared to other things
An ambulance must have priority over other traffic.
remotely
from a distance
Smart homes can be controlled remotely through smartphones.
science fiction
a type of story about life in the future or in outer space
Smart home technology may sound like science fiction, but it is not.
usage
the amount that something is used
A smart home can reduce energy usage.
classic
standard or very typical
Social networking sites are classic examples of how quickly ideas can spread.
core
the most important part of a system or principle
At its core, viral marketing is the spreading of an idea.
lottery
a contest in which winners of prizes, often money, arechosen by chance
They held a public lottery to raise money for charity.
networking
the act of sharing information and communicating
Facebook and Twitter are examples of social networking sites.
pioneer
a person or organization that does something first
Hotmail is seen as a pioneer of viral marketing.
registered
having a person's name entered in an official list
Hotmail grew from 500,000 registered users to over twelve million in less than a year.
sole
only; single
Companies should not use viral marketing as their sole strategy.
strategy
a plan or method for achieving a particular goal
Companies should not use viral marketing as their sole strategy.
viral
spreading, or causing something to spread, like a virus
Hotmail is seen as a pioneer of viral marketing.
virus
software that spreads from one computer to another,making bad things happen to them
People fear computer viruses because of how harmful they can be.
atmosphere
the way a place feels; the general mood in a place
There was a friendly atmosphere in the village.
candidate
a person applying for a job
A job candidate should research the company that he or she wants to work for.
conservative
traditional in taste; not likely to draw attention
Older people tend to be conservative in their attitudes.
eventually
at some later time
I thought he would never ask her to marry him, but he did eventually.
impression
the influence or effect that a person or thing has on aperson's feelings or thoughts
The film made a great impression on me.
jewelry
decorative items usually worn on the hands, ears, orneck
Do you prefer wearing silver or gold jewelry?
prior
before
Job applicants often find out about a company prior to applying for a job.
prospective
likely to be or become something in the future prospective employees might talk to friends about the company they apply to.
resume
a short document that lists work history and education
A person looking for a job might spend hoursworking on a resume.
tip
small pieces of helpful information
He gave me some good tips on gardening.
architect
someone who designs buildings
One Japanese architect has designed structures that use lighter materials.
cardboard
thick, stiff paper that is used for making boxes
Some modern structures utilize cardboard tube sand wood.
centimeter
a unit for measuring length, equal to 1/100 of a meter
Some buildings can be lifted three centimeters off the ground if necessary.
concrete
a hard material that is made by mixing sand, water,small stones, and cement
Some new building materials are lighter than concrete.
convert
to change from one thing into another
This sofa converts into a bed.
devise
to invent or plan something complicated; to come upwith
A shelter was hurriedly devised.
diverse
including many different types
More diverse materials are being considered to make buildings more earthquake-proof.
foundation
the part of a building, road, bridge, etc. that is underthe ground and supports it
First they laid the foundations, and then they built the walls.
bury
to put in the ground and cover with dirt
Some people had been killed and then buried in the bogs.
decay
to be destroyed slowly by natural processes
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
dump
to put (something) somewhere in a quick and carelessway
She dumped the heavy shopping bag on the table.
estimate
to guess at a number or amount based on someinformation
He estimated that the journey would take two hours.
naked
not covered by clothing
Some bog bodies have been found naked, with only rope around their necks.
skeleton
the structure of bones that supports the body
The archaeologists dug up the skeleton of a dinosaur.
skull
the structure of bones that form the head and face
He's fractured his skull.
speculate
to form a theory with little information
There's no point in speculating about what's going to happen.
bilingual
able to speak two languages
Most children in Singapore are raised bilingual.
ethnic
relating to a specific race of people who have the samepractices, religion, origins, etc.
Singapore has four major ethnic groups.
fusion
prepared using two or more styles combined
People can find a lot of fusion cuisine in Singapore.
immigrant
someone who comes to a different country to live there
The eastern part of the city is inhabited by immigrants.
integration
the process of becoming part of a group
Diverse practices came together in one society due to integration.
participate
to take part in an activity or event with others
Did you participate in the discussion?
peninsula
a piece of land that is surrounded by water on threesides
Singapore is located near the Malay peninsula.
rights
things a person is legally allowed to do
You must fight for your rights.
contaminate
to mix with something and make it dirty or dangerous
The town's water-supply has been contaminated by chemicals from the factory.
immune
having to do with resistance to disease
Medicine does not always help people who have poor immune systems.
infect
to cause (someone or something) to carry or becomesick with a disease
She had a bad cold last week and has infected the rest of the class.
influenza
an illness that causes fever, aches and pains, andbreathing problems
Some parasites can cause influenza-like symptoms in healthy people.
liver
a large organ of the body that cleans the blood
Parasites found in meat can cause heart, liver, and eye problems.
organism
a living thing
A pond is full of organisms.
pork
meat from pigs used for food
Parasites are often found in undercooked meat, such as pork.
prescription
a note from a doctor that allows a patient to use amedicine
He gave me a prescription to give to the pharmacist.
steal
to take something that does not belong to you
Thieves broke into the house and stole money and jewellery.
thoroughly
in a complete, careful way
He's thoroughly bored by romantic movies.
await
to be ready and waiting for someone or something
We await your arrival with expectation.
era
a period of time that is associated with a specific event,person, etc.
Some deep-sea fish look like they are from the era of dinosaurs.
gracefully
moving in a smooth and attractive way
This propulsion system helps it move gracefully over very long distances.
inhabit
to live in a place
That house is now inhabited by a Polish family.
prey
an animal that is hunted as food by another animal
The lion tore at its prey.
proportion
rate or ratio; size or amount of a thing in relation to thesize or amount of another thing
For this dish, the butter and flour should be in the proportion of three to four.
shark
a medium-sized or large ocean fish known for its sharpteeth
The frilled shark lives thousands of feet under the surface of the ocean.
submarine
a ship that can operate underwater
Some creatures have been found only recently with the help of deep-sea submarines.
tempt
to cause someone to do or want to do something
The sunshine tempted them to go out.
artificial
created by people, not nature
Did you look at the color in artificial light or in daylight?
disagree
to have a different opinion about something thansomeone else
We don't get along because we disagree about everything.
excel
to be or do better than (others)
Good teachers do everything possible to help their students excel.
imitate
to make or do something the same way as anotherperson or thing does it
He could imitate the song of many different birds.
intelligent
having or showing the ability to learn or understandthings
That dog is so intelligent.
linguistics
the study of language and how it works
The study of linguistics is more important to AI development than early researchers thought.
logic
the step-by-step processes used in reasoning
Some situations require not just logic, but awareness.
situation
all of the things that affect someone or something at aparticular time
Humans excel in situations that require awareness, while machines are useless in these situations.
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