Dear Ms. Sue Jones,

As you know, it is our company’s policy that all new employees must gain experience in all departments. As you have completed your three months in the Sales Department, it’s time to move on to your next department. From next week, you will be working in the Marketing Department. We are looking forward to seeing excellent work from you in your new department. I hope that when your training is finished we will be able to settle you into the department of your choice.

Yours sincerely,
Angie Young
PERSONNEL MANAGER

It was my first day of school at St. Roma High School. The uniforms were a lot fancier than in middle school. As a St. Roma student, I had to wear a green sweater with the school label on the shoulder, khaki skirt or khaki pants, a white blouse, and a green St. Roma tie. “There’s my St. Roma student,” said Mom. “You’re ready for your first day?” she asked. “Yes!” I told her. When we got into the car and headed to school, my mind started to imagine how my first day of school would turn out. Maybe I’ll have new friends. Maybe I’ll be the best in the class. I could not wait to start my first day at a new school.

While some sand is formed in oceans from things like shells and rocks, most sand is made up of tiny bits of rock that came all the way from the mountains! But that trip can take thousands of years. Glaciers, wind, and flowing water help move the rocky bits along, with the tiny travelers getting smaller and smaller as they go. If they’re lucky, a river may give them a lift all the way to the coast. There, they can spend the rest of their years on the beach as sand.

It can be tough to settle down to study when there are so many distractions. Most young people like to combine a bit of homework with quite a lot of instant messaging, chatting on the phone, updating profiles on social­-networking sites, and checking emails. While it may be true that you can multi­task and can focus on all these things at once, try to be honest with yourself. It is most likely that you will be able to work best if you concentrate on your studies but allow yourself regular breaks—every 30 minutes or so—to catch up on those other pastimes.

According to professor Jacqueline Olds, there is one sure way for lonely patients to make a friend—to join a group that has a shared purpose. This may be difficult for people who are lonely, but research shows that it can help. Studies reveal that people who are engaged in service to others, such as volunteering, tend to be happier. Volunteers report a sense of satisfaction at enriching their social network in the service of others. Volunteering helps to reduce loneliness in two ways. First, someone who is lonely might benefit from helping others. Also, they might benefit from being involved in a voluntary program where they receive support and help to build their own social network.

Simply providing students with complex texts is not enough for learning to happen. Assigning students to independently read, think about, and then write about a complex text is not enough, either. Quality questions are one way that teachers can check students’ understanding of the text. Questions can also promote students’ search for evidence and their need to return to the text to deepen their understanding. Teachers take an active role in developing and deepening students’ comprehension by asking questions that cause them to read the text again, resulting in multiple readings of the same text. In other words, these text-­based questions provide students with a purpose for rereading, which is critical for understanding complex texts.

The above graph shows how people in five countries consume news videos: on news sites versus via social networks. ①Consuming news videos on news sites is more popular than via social networks in four countries. ②As for people who mostly watch news videos on news sites, Finland shows the highest percentage among the five countries. ③The percentage of people who mostly watch news videos on news sites in France is higher than that in Germany. ④As for people who mostly watch news videos via social networks, Japan shows the lowest percentage among the five countries. ⑤Brazil shows the highest percentage of people who mostly watch news videos via social networks among the five countries.

Shirley Chisholm was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1924. Chisholm spent part of her childhood in Barbados with her grandmother. Shirley attended Brooklyn College and majored in sociology. After graduating from Brooklyn College in 1946, she began her career as a teacher and went on to earn a master’s degree in elementary education from Columbia University. In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the United States’ first African­-American congresswoman. She spoke out for civil rights, women’s rights, and poor people. Shirley Chisholm was against the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of weapon developments.

*confirm: 설정값을 확정하다

Clothing doesn’t have to be expensive to provide comfort during exercise. Select clothing appropriate for the temperature and environmental conditions (A) which/in which you will be doing exercise. Clothing that is appropriate for exercise and the season can improve your exercise experience. In warm environments, clothes that have a wicking capacity (B) is/are helpful in dissipating heat from the body. In contrast, it is best to face cold environments with layers so you can adjust your body temperature to avoid sweating and remain (C) comfortable/comfortably.
*wick: (모세관 작용으로) 수분을 흡수하거나 배출하다
**dissipate: (열을) 발산하다

How does a leader make people feel important? First, by listening to them. Let them know you respect their thinking, and let them (A) silence/voice their opinions. As an added bonus, you might learn something! A friend of mine once told me about the CEO of a large company who told one of his managers, “There’s nothing you could possibly tell me that I haven’t already thought about before. Don’t ever tell me what you think unless I ask you. Is that understood?” Imagine the (B) improvement/loss of self-­esteem that manager must have felt. It must have discouraged him and negatively affected his performance. On the other hand, when you make a person feel a great sense of importance, he or she will feel on top of the world—and the level of energy will (C) decrease/increase rapidly.

Technology has doubtful advantages. We must balance too much information versus using only the right information and keeping the decision-­making process simple. The Internet has made so much free information available on any issue that we think we have to consider all of it in order to make a decision. So we keep searching for answers on the Internet. This makes us information blinded, like deer in headlights, when trying to make personal, business, or other decisions. To be successful in anything today, we have to keep in mind that in the land of the blind, a one-­eyed person can accomplish the seemingly impossible. The one-­eyed person understands the power of keeping any analysis simple and will be the decision maker when he uses his one eye of intuition.
*intuition: 직관

Most of us are suspicious of rapid cognition. We believe that the quality of the decision is directly related to the time and effort that went into making it. That’s what we tell our children: “Haste makes waste.” “Look before you leap.” “Stop and think.” “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” We believe that we are always better off gathering as much information as possible and spending as much time as possible in careful consideration. But there are moments, particularly in time­-driven, critical situations, when _____________________________ , when our snap judgments and first impressions can offer better means of making sense of the world. Survivors have somehow learned this lesson and have developed and sharpened their skill of rapid cognition.
*cognition: 인식

All mammals need to leave their parents and set up on their own at some point. But human adults generally provide a comfortable existence―enough food arrives on the table, money is given at regular intervals, the bills get paid and the electricity for the TV doesn’t usually run out. If teenagers didn’t build up a fairly major disrespect for and conflict with their parents or carers, they’d never want to leave. In fact, ______________________________ is probably a necessary part of growing up. Later, when you live independently, away from them, you can start to love them again because you won’t need to be fighting to get away from them. And you can come back sometimes for a home­-cooked meal.

A lovely technique for helping children take the first steps towards creating their own, unique story, is to ask them to ______________________________. One story I have done this with frequently is a tale I call Benno and the Beasts. It is based on a story called St. Benno and the Frog, found in an old book by Helen Waddell. In the original, the saint meets a frog in a marsh and tells it to be quiet in case it disturbs his prayers. Later, he regrets this, in case God was enjoying listening to the sound of the frog. I invite children to think of different animals for the saint to meet and different places for him to meet them. I then tell them the story including their own ideas. It is a most effective way of involving children in the art of creating stories and they love hearing their ideas used.
*marsh: 늪

It is difficult to know how to determine whether one culture is better than another. What is the cultural rank order of rock, jazz, and classical music? When it comes to public opinion polls about whether cultural changes are for the better or the worse, looking forward would lead to one answer and looking backward would lead to a very different answer. Our children would be horrified if they were told they had to go back to the culture of their grandparents. Our parents would be horrified if they were told they had to participate in the culture of their grandchildren. Humans tend to _______________________________. After a certain age, anxieties arise when sudden cultural changes are coming. Our culture is part of who we are and where we stand, and we don’t like to think that who we are and where we stand are short­-lived.

Public speaking is audience centered because speakers “listen” to their audiences during speeches. They monitor audience feedback, the verbal and nonverbal signals an audience gives a speaker. ①Audience feedback often indicates whether listeners understand, have interest in, and are ready to accept the speaker’s ideas. ②This feedback assists the speaker in many ways. ③It helps the speaker know when to slow down, explain something more carefully, or even tell the audience that she or he will return to an issue in a question-­and­-answer session at the close of the speech. ④It is important for the speaker to memorize his or her script to reduce on-­stage anxiety. ⑤Audience feedback assists the speaker in creating a respectful connection with the audience.
*verbal: 언어적인

The basic difference between an AI robot and a normal robot is the ability of the robot and its software to make decisions, and learn and adapt to its environment based on data from its sensors.

(A) For instance, if faced with the same situation, such as running into an obstacle, then the robot will always do the same thing, such as go around the obstacle to the left. An AI robot, however, can do two things the normal robot cannot: make decisions and learn from experience.

(B) It will adapt to circumstances, and may do something different each time a situation is faced. The AI robot may try to push the obstacle out of the way, or make up a new route, or change goals.

(C) To be a bit more specific, the normal robot shows deterministic behaviors. That is, for a set of inputs, the robot will always produce the same output.

*deterministic: 결정론적인

Collaboration is the basis for most of the foundational arts and sciences.

(A) For example, his sketches of human anatomy were a collaboration with Marcantonio della Torre, an anatomist from the University of Pavia. Their collaboration is important because it marries the artist with the scientist.

(B) It is often believed that Shakespeare, like most playwrights of his period, did not always write alone, and many of his plays are considered collaborative or were rewritten after their original composition. Leonardo Da Vinci made his sketches individually, but he collaborated with other people to add the finer details.

(C) Similarly, Marie Curie’s husband stopped his original research and joined Marie in hers. They went on to collaboratively discover radium, which overturned old ideas in physics and chemistry.

*anatomy: 해부학적 구조

This may have worked in the past, but today, with interconnected team processes, we don’t want all people who are the same.

Most of us have hired many people based on human resources criteria along with some technical and personal information that the boss thought was important. (①) I have found that most people like to hire people just like themselves. (②) In a team, some need to be leaders, some need to be doers, some need to provide creative strengths, some need to be inspirers, some need to provide imagination, and so on. (③) In other words, we are looking for a diversified team where members complement one another. (④) When putting together a new team or hiring team members, we need to look at each individual and how he or she fits into the whole of our team objective. (⑤) The bigger the team, the more possibilities exist for diversity.
*criteria: 기준

However, if you tried to copy the original rather than your imaginary drawing, you might find your drawing now was a little better.

Imagine in your mind one of your favorite paintings, drawings, cartoon characters or something equally complex. (①) Now, with that picture in your mind, try to draw what your mind sees. (②) Unless you are unusually gifted, your drawing will look completely different from what you are seeing with your mind’s eye. (③) Furthermore, if you copied the picture many times, you would find that each time your drawing would get a little better, a little more accurate. (④) Practice makes perfect. (⑤) This is because you are developing the skills of coordinating what your mind perceives with the movement of your body parts.
*coordinate ~ with ...: ~와 …을 조화시키다

In one experiment, subjects observed a person solve 30 multiple­-choice problems. In all cases, 15 of the problems were solved correctly. One group of subjects saw the person solve more problems correctly in the first half and another group saw the person solve more problems correctly in the second half. The group that saw the person perform better on the initial examples rated the person as more intelligent and recalled that he had solved more problems correctly. The explanation for the difference is that one group formed the opinion that the person was intelligent on the initial set of data, while the other group formed the opposite opinion. Once this opinion is formed, when opposing evidence is presented it can be discounted by attributing later performance to some other cause such as chance or problem difficulty.
*subject: 실험 대상자
**attribute ~ to ...: ~을 …의 탓으로 돌리다

People tend to form an opinion based on ____(A)____ data, and when evidence against the opinion is presented, it is likely to be ____(B)____.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

Researchers brought two groups of 11­year­old boys to a summer camp at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma. The boys were strangers to one another and upon arrival at the camp, were randomly separated into two groups. The groups were kept apart for about a week. They swam, camped, and hiked. Each group chose a name for itself, and the boys printed their group’s name on their caps and T­shirts. Then the two groups met. A series of athletic competitions were set up between them. Soon, each group considered the other an (a) enemy. Each group came to look down on the other. The boys started food fights and stole various items from members of the other group. Thus, under competitive conditions, the boys quickly (b) drew sharp group boundaries.
The researchers next stopped the athletic competitions and created several apparent emergencies whose solution (c) required cooperation between the two groups. One such emergency involved a leak in the pipe supplying water to the camp. The researchers assigned the boys to teams made up of members of both groups. Their job was to look into the pipe and fix the leak. After engaging in several such (d) cooperative activities, the boys started playing together without fighting. Once cooperation replaced competition and the groups (e) started to look down on each other, group boundaries melted away as quickly as they had formed.
*apparent: ~인 것으로 보이는

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]

Researchers brought two groups of 11­year­old boys to a summer camp at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma. The boys were strangers to one another and upon arrival at the camp, were randomly separated into two groups. The groups were kept apart for about a week. They swam, camped, and hiked. Each group chose a name for itself, and the boys printed their group’s name on their caps and T­shirts. Then the two groups met. A series of athletic competitions were set up between them. Soon, each group considered the other an (a) enemy. Each group came to look down on the other. The boys started food fights and stole various items from members of the other group. Thus, under competitive conditions, the boys quickly (b) drew sharp group boundaries.
The researchers next stopped the athletic competitions and created several apparent emergencies whose solution (c) required cooperation between the two groups. One such emergency involved a leak in the pipe supplying water to the camp. The researchers assigned the boys to teams made up of members of both groups. Their job was to look into the pipe and fix the leak. After engaging in several such (d) cooperative activities, the boys started playing together without fighting. Once cooperation replaced competition and the groups (e) started to look down on each other, group boundaries melted away as quickly as they had formed.
*apparent: ~인 것으로 보이는

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글의 Toby에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]