a small plant that usually has three leaves on each stem
Every March, we go outside and look for four-leaf clovers.
comprise
to make up
A mosaic is a picture that is comprised of many small pieces.
conduct
to plan and do
The scientist will conduct research on the matter of gravity.
confess
to admit
The boy confessed that he had taken the last cookie from the jar.
contradictory
involving or having information that disagrees with other information
We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.
elusive
hard to find or capture
The elusive fish only came out at night.
emit
to send out; to give off
The kettle emitted steam and a whistling sound when the water was boiled.
existence
the state of being real
Do you believe in the existence of aliens?
extinct
no longer existing
Dinosaurs are no longer in existence; they are extinct.
fringe
an area of activity that is related to but not part of what is central or most widely accepted
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
groom
a man who is about to be married or who has just married
The groom looked happy as he walked with his new wife.
habitat
the place or type of place where a plant or animal lives
They live in many different types of habitats.
indicate
to show; to suggest
This topographical map of Switzerland indicates the highest mountain peaks in dark red.
legendary
told about in stories that are believed by many but are not proven to be true
The legendary sword 'Excalibur', was pulled out by King Arthur.
likewise
in addition; also
We will use that method likewise to record our accounts.
muscular
having large, powerful muscles
He exercised regularly so that his body could become muscular.
myth
an idea that is believed by many people but that is not true
Many historians who study ancient cultures must decide if a story is history or just a myth.
periodic
happening repeatedly from time to time
Joseph makes periodic visits into town when he needs supplies.
physical anthropologist
a scientist who studies the biology of human beings and related species
He turned to the Internet and found Philip Walker, then president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
puzzling
hard to understand; confusing
This is a very puzzling question.
rationality
the quality of being based on facts or reason; the ability to reason
We live in an era of rationality.
remains
the dead body of a person or animal
After he passed away, his remains were buried in a cemetery near his home town.
respondent
a person who gives a response, especially as part of a survey
60% of the respondents agreed with the suggestion.
ridiculous
very silly or unreasonable
Everyone can seem foolish and ridiculous at some time, no matter how serious they are.
similarity
a way in which a person or thing is like another
One similarity is that Tigers and Lions are the biggest cats in the world.
skeptic
a person who doubts or questions something
I have to admit that I am a skeptic when it comes to fortune tellers and people who claim they can speak to the dead.
specimen
an individual animal or plant collected as an example
In order to determine the cause of the child's illness, the doctor took a blood specimen.
superstition
a belief based on faith in magic or luck
According to superstition, breaking a mirror brings bad luck.
survey
an activity in which many people are asked a question or questions in order to gather information; a poll
We took a survey to see how kids reacted to the new.
upright
on two feet instead of four
A short time ago some builders left a huge square of plate glass standing upright in a field.
blood transfusion
a medical treatment in which someone's blood is put into the body of another person
He was given a blood transfusion.
cause
a belief, idea, or goal that a group of people support or fight for
Carelessness is often the cause of fires.
censor
to examine books, TV shows, movies, etc. in order to removethings that are considered off ensive or harmful
The principal censored the school newspaper in response to complaints from some of the parents.
charity
the act of giving money, food, or other help to people who are poor, sick, etc.; an organization that does charity work
The man was extremely poor and lived off of charity.
cheer
to express strong approval of or support for
People stood all around me cheering.
container
an object such as a box or can that can hold something
The container is filled with lots of sweets.
Dame of the British Empire
an honorary title granted by the British monarch to a woman for service and accomplishments
In the 2006 New Year's Honours list she was made a Dame of the British Empire.
degrading
treating someone poorly and disrespectfully
This poster is offensive and degrades women.
dignity
the quality of being worthy of honor or respect
The crown stands for royal dignity.
emphasis
special importance or attention given to something
She placed a lot of emphasis on specific topics,
ethically
in a way that is right and good
Mayors want local companies to behave ethically.
exploit
to use (someone or something) in an unfair way
It is evident that humans tend to exploit natural resources to benefit themselves.
fulfill
to succeed in achieving; to make true or real
He fulfilled his contract by completing 50 service hours.
genre
a category; a kind
She is considered a master in the comedy genre.
gripping
very interesting and exciting
Thanks for the book. Great writing and a gripping story.
hatred
a very strong feeling of dislike; hate
His hatred for his cruel father grew with each passing day.
hemorrhage
uncontrolled bleeding
He had a terrible hemorrhage coming from his leg.
hepatitis
a serious disease of the liver
This hepatitis outbreak is turning into an epidemic.
ideology
the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party
The ideology of our modern culture is very different today than it was just 100 years ago.
insane asylum
a hospital for mentally ill people
He's been in the insane asylum ever since he lost his business.
inspire
to give someone an idea about what to do or create
My brother inspired me to play basketball.
necessity
the quality or state of being in need
Some people have a hard time finding the necessities of life.
orphan
a child whose parents are dead
The boy is an orphan. Heidi was a little orphan with pink cheeks and curly, brown hair.
phenomenon
something that is very impressive or popular
A man eating fire was a phenomenon that he had not seen before.
resemble
to look like or be like
The architect designed the new office building to resemble the shape of a polygon.
ritual
an act or series of acts done in a particular situation and in the same way each time
It is a Catholic ritual to attend Mass.
selective
careful to choose only the best
Apparently,he's not happy with how selective I've been.
shallow
not caring about or involving serious or important things
The children are playing in a shallow swimming pool.
spontaneous
done or said in a natural way without a lot of thought or planning
The individual’s participation in mass behavior patterns is not a spontaneous reaction to random forces.
unscripted
not written or planned at an earlier time unscripted TV interviews are far more interesting than scripted ones.
villain
a person or character who does bad things
The villain escaped with half of my family's valuables.
vulnerable
easily hurt or harmed physically, mentally, or emotionally
Due to her weakened immune system, she was vulnerable to many diseases and, therefore, was required to remain in isolation.
adaptive
improving the ability of a plant or animal to survive in a particular place or situation
Humans created culture as their adaptive strategies.
bribery
the act or crime of accepting a bribe, an illegal payment that is made in order to get someone to do something
She was arrested on bribery charges.
conceive
to become pregnant
It is easier for women to conceive at certain times of the month.
conclusion
an opinion or decision that is formed after thought or research
The conclusion the boys made was that their hypothesis was half wrong.
corruption
doing things that are dishonest or illegal in order to make money or gain power
The country must fight corruption actively.
differentiation
a statement of the diff erence or diff erences between two ormore things
There is no differentiation or distinction under the law.
distributor
a person or company that supplies stores or businesses with goods
Which distributor should we order from?
enormously
greatly in size, extent, or amount
The National Debt has grown enormously since the war.
ensure
to make sure
The book ensured his success.
ethical
involving questions of right and wrong behavior
The committee is in place to ensure the ethical.
exposure
the fact or condition of being affected by something or experiencing something
Prolonged exposure to hot sun can be harmful.
genetics
the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of living things genetics is teaching us so much about our bodies and how we can detect some defects.
harassment
the act of annoying or bothering someone in a constant or repeated way
You must stop the harassment of your neighbors before they call the police.
hormone
a natural substance produced in the body that infl uences how the body grows or develops
Growth hormone causes a young person's body to grow rapidly.
hourglass
a glass container with an upper part and a lower part connected by a narrow opening
The hourglass is broken now.
integrity
the quality of being honest and fair
Most people wanted him to run for office since he has a lot of integrity.
isolated
separate from others; remote
The family lived in an isolated farm outside of town.
mass
involving, affecting, or designed for many people
A mass of people were waiting outside the store for it to open.
probe
a careful examination or investigation
Eleven months later, the probe would fail.
remote
far away from other people, cities, etc.
She has traveled to many of the world's most remote places.
sensitivity
an awareness and understanding of the feelings of other people
We need to judge the sensitivity of the equipment to
subjective
based on feelings or opinions rather than facts
Jose was making a subjective judgement in the auditorium.
thesis
an idea to be proved; a theory
She did not support her thesis very well.
traditionally
according to a way of thinking or behaving that has been usedby a particular group, family, society, etc. for a long time
Russia traditionally is a tea drinking country.
transaction
a business deal; an exchange of goods, services, or money
The transaction took several days.
treaty
an official agreement between two or more countries
The two leaders signed the treaty to make the agreement legal.
tribe
a group of people that includes many families who have the same language, customs, and beliefs
The tribe is led by their wise old chief.
variety
a number of different things or people
There is a variety of chocolates at the supermarket.
waist
the middle part of the body between the hips and chest or upper back
She wore a belt around her waist.
admission
the cost of entering a theater, event, etc.
The admission ticket to the movie was $5.
bargain
something bought for a good price; an advantageous purchase
However, at floating markets you will have a chance to meet native people and bargain with them for their goods.
capitalism
an economic system in which land, factories, etc. are owned byindividuals and companies rather than by the government
Most industries in the world today are based on capitalism.
charity
the act of giving money, food, or other help to people who are poor, sick, etc.; an organization that does charity work
The man was extremely poor and lived off of charity.
conditional
used to describe something (such as an agreement) that willhappen only if something else happens
He was found guilty and given a conditional discharge.
criterion (pl. criteria)
표준, 기준
What criterion are you using to evaluate the interviewees?
deposit
money given as a promise or a down payment for something
She made several large deposits at the bank during that month.
eager
very excited and interested
We were eager to get to school.
elderly
older people
Take the advice of your elders.
entrant
a person who enters a competition
After a very strict selection process, 12 entrants moved up to the finals.
exotic
very different, strange, or unusual
This exotic plant does not usually grow in this part of the country.
gross
total before anything (such as taxes or expenses) is taken away
Which week had the lowest total gross?
innovative
introducing or using new ideas or methods
His innovative way of thinking got him a top position in the company.
lava field
a large area of nearly fl at lava fl ows (hardened rock that fl owed as a liquid from a volcano)
Ever seen a country with landscape composed of fjords, geysers, and lava fields?
lounge
to sit or lie in a relaxed way
It is hot and the boys lounge around lethargically.
market share
the percentage of a market controlled by a certain company
A bad economy usually means that market shares will be small.
methodology
a particular procedure or set of procedures
The researcher was meticulous in following the research procedure.
morality
the degree to which something is right and good
Differences in morality and lack of understanding and communication have often led to violent conflicts.
multinational
working in several countries
They operate multinational company in Asia.
obscure
not known to most people
The old man travels the world in search of obscure books.
overview
a general explanation or description; a summary
My brother gave me an overview of the important parts of the book.
publication
a book, magazine, etc. that has been published
The publication of the magazine ceased with the April issue.
qualitative
of or relating to how good something is
These are very good quality shoes.
ranked
numbered in order according to one or more criteria
Tom Hanks ranked in third place.
revenue
money that is made by or paid to a business or organization
The revenue from her income property was not sufficient to cover her expenses.
sponsorship
an arrangement in which a person or organization agrees to give money to someone for participating in a charity event
The bank's sponsorship of the event was important.
trek
to travel by walking for pleasure and adventure
We trekked up the mountain and were exhausted afterward.
accelerate
to increase in speed
Giving people the latitude and flexibility to apply their talents rapidly accelerates progress.
annual
yearly
For our annual family holiday this year, we went to the Gold Coast.
capacity
the ability to hold or carry (something)
When Michael Jackson had his concert in Korea, the stadium was filled to its capacity.
commit
to do (something illegal or harmful)
If you commit a crime, you may go to prison and lose social status.
consortium
a group of people, companies, etc. that agree to work together
The London-based oil company led the consortium which invested more than $3 billion..
convey
to take or carry from one place to another
That picture of a crying child conveys a feeling of sadness.
cortex
the outer layer of an organ, especially the brain
The cerebral cortex uses surface area to maximize.
device
a machine or piece of equipment that has been made for a particular purpose
The latest devices are fun to use for many tasks like browsing cyber space, but it is important to keep your distance from them as well.
elementary
basic
I look like an elementary school student.
elimination
the act of getting rid of something
His team was eliminated from the competition.
encode
to change into a set of symbols that can be read by a computer
On one end, the speaker’s voice was electrically encoded.
exponential
very fast; increasingly rapid
During this stage, growth is exponential.
fiber optic cables
thin threads of glass or plastic that carry very large amounts of information in the form of light signals
Included in the donation are equipment used in the installation and maintenance of fiber optic cable.
function
a special purpose or activity for which a thing exists or is used
His brain function is still intact.
imply
to express in an indirect way; to suggest
The professor seemed to imply the answer in his explanation.
inferior
low or lower in quality
The second movie was inferior compared to the first.
interaction
to talk or do things with other people
Children need interaction with others their age to help them develop their social skills.
interface
a system that controls the way information is shown to acomputer user and allows the user to work with the computer
The new computer program acts as an interface between Windows and Macintosh computer systems.
leisure
free time
I seldom have leisure to watch television.
military
of or relating to soldiers or the armed forces
These are military men. Zhuge Liang was a famous military planner.
navigate
to go to different places on the Internet in order to find what you want
it's more organized now and much easier to navigate.
privacy
the state of being protected from public attention
All people need some privacy in their lives.
profitable
making money
Ben is the owner of a very profitable company.
property
something that is owned by a person, business, etc.
This building is government property.
sophisticated
highly developed and complex
It’s probably an image of a laboratory filled with glassware and sophisticated equipment.
span
to cover or include
His acting career spanned over two decades.
spatial
of or relating to space and the relationship of objects within it
Analyzing art through aesthetics increases your spatial intelligence.
stereotype
an often unfair and untrue belief that many people have aboutall people or things with a particular characteristic
Many Americans have the stereotype that all Asians are good in math.
supplement
to add something to
He supplements his diet with fresh fruits.
task
a piece of work; a job
After I finish this task, I can sleep.
transmission
something sent, especially electronically; a message
We sent vital transmissions over the radio so people would know of what happened.
acid
a chemical with a sour taste that forms a salt when mixed witha base acid rain is very bad.
aspect
a part
The book has many different aspects available for discussion.
aspirin
a medicine that reduces pain and fever
People use aspirin today to help with pain and fever.
bark
the outer covering of a tree
Tom, however, looked for some pieces of bark and wrote on them.
calculator
a small electronic device used for adding, subtracting, etc.
Use a calculator to add all those numbers.
characteristically
usually; typically
He replied in characteristically robust style.
chemistry
the way substances change and react with other substances
In chemistry class, the professor taught us about chemical reactions.
classify
to place into a certain group; to categorize
We can classify plants by different things we know about them.
composition
the combination of parts or elements that make up something
This composition needs to be written again.
crude
simple and basic in a way that is true but not complete
She drew crude hearts on the ground to show how much she loved him.
density
the amount of matter in something that is shown by the relationship between its weight and its size
The density of a bowling ball is higher than a basketball.
diagnose
to recognize a disease or other health condition in someone
The doctor was able to diagnose the man's illness.
estimate
to guess
It is estimated that over 98% of people in Korea are literate.
formula
in math, a general fact or rule expressed in letters and numbers
I’m not good at learning formulas.
gauge
to measure or judge
He gauged strength of the wind.
Hippocrates
a Greek doctor who started the study of medicine
Some early doctors, notably hippocrates, thought that diet was important.
method
a way of doing something
Everyone has a different method of doing their studies efficiently.
physiological
of or relating to how a living thing or its parts function
The physiological reports show that his body is functioning normally.
plug into
to put information (such as a word or a number) into something
The VCR plugs into the back of the television.
precise
very accurate and exact
He gave me precise directions to his house.
productivity
the rate at which work is completed
They say sleeping on the job helps increase productivity.
severe
strong; very bad
The flooding is severe after a strong hurricane.
squeeze
to press together the parts and especially the opposite sides of something
Will you squeeze that tube of paste and see if there is any left?
stimulus (pl. stimuli)
something that causes a change or a reaction
Being bullied at school was the stimulus that prompted me to start self-defense classes.
tension
stress
Then there was a heavy bang against the basement door and a long silence of tension and terror!
thickness
a measurement of how thick something is
Use wood of at least 15mm thickness.
trigger
to cause to begin
The warm temperatures triggered the break up of the ice.
tumor
a mass of tissue in or on the body that is made of abnormal cells
Doctors recently discovered a cancerous tumor in the woman's brain.
vomit
to empty the contents of one's stomach through the mouth; to throw up
When some people are very sick, they vomit.
willow tree
a tree with long, narrow leaves and strong, thin branches
The willow tree in the story also has symbolic meaning.
admission
the cost of entering a theater, event, etc.
The admission ticket to the movie was $5.
aspire (to)
to want to have or achieve something
Most college students aspire to become professionals once they graduate.
behavioral
of or relating to the way a person acts
Yesterday, my teachers called my parents to complain about my serious behavioral issues.
breadwinner
a person who earns money to support a family
Paul is the breadwinner of the family.
confound
to confuse; to frustrate
The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists.
conventional
common and ordinary; not unusual
They are planning on having a small conventional wedding.
counselor
a person who provides advice as a job; a person who counsels people
She wanted to work as a counselor.
curriculum (pl. curricula)
the courses that are taught by a school, college, etc.
Parents believe that private schools offer a more rigorous curriculum than public schools do.
diploma
a document that shows that person has graduated from a school
The principal handed the students their diplomas.
discipline
to punish (someone) as a way of making sure that rules are obeyed
He had been able to discipline himself and stop drinking.
drop out
to stop attending a school before fi nishing
My brother dropped out of college to start his own business.
economist
a person who studies or specializes in economics
The economist played Cassandra about the nation's economy.
enroll
to enter as a member of or participant in (a school, a program, etc.)
If you enroll in this course, you can receive a certificate.
innate
existing at birth; inborn
These patterns are innate in every one of us.
internship
a temporary job for a student or recent graduate that provides experience
The bank has an internship program over the summer for university students.
intervene
to become involved in something in order to have an influence on what happens
Let's settle this problem now before the supervisor intervenes.
lag
to be in a position that is behind others
The girl on rollerblades lagged behind the little girl on the bicycle.
mayor
the head of the government of a city or town
The mayor welcomed the kids to the scavenger hunt.
mentor
to teach or give advice or guidance to
The students each chose a mentor to help them with the experiment.
modify
to change some parts of something
When she discovered her son had diabetes, she had to modify his diet drastically.
momentum
the strength or force that allows something to continue or to grow stronger over time
The fight for his release gathers momentum each day.
priority
something that is more important than other things and that needs to be done or dealt with fi rst
My priority is to get good grades in school.
productive
doing or achieving a lot
I was actually being a productive member of society.
progressive
of or relating to new or modern ideas, especially in politics and education
The fashion designer's style was considered very progressive for his time.
ratio
the relationship between the size, number, or amount of two things
At school the ratio between males to females was an
recipe
a formula or set of steps for doing something that will produce a particular result
This is such a good meal that I would love to have the recipe.
recruit
to find suitable people and get them to join an organization, company, etc.
Public schools are recruiting new teachers.
rowdy
rough or noisy
He has complained to the police about rowdy neighbors.
turn the tide
to reverse the direction of a trend; to change the direction of something
At first, people were opposed to our plan. After a lot of discussion, we were able to turn the tide.
tutor
to teach a single student outside of regular classes
I need a tutor to help me learn Spanish.
unemployed
having no job
How long have you been unemployed?
accomplish
to succeed in doing something
He is very fast. I was surprised that he accomplished his task in just one week.
adopt
to accept or approve
He adopted them all, the children that no one wanted, he took them all into his family.
amphibian
an animal (such as a frog) that can live on both land and water
Some amphibians look like lizards.
approval
permission to do something; acceptance of an idea, action, plan, etc.
I am waiting on his approval of the program.
asteroid
any one of thousands of small bodies that orbit the Sun
Many scientists believe the dinosaurs were wiped out when the Earth was hit by an asteroid.
atmosphere
the air around a planet
The Earth’s atmosphere contains oxygen.
biodiversity
the existence of many diff erent species of plants and animals; biological diversity
The city wanted to increase its level of biodiversity.
breakdown
division into categories; classification
Experts call it a 'transmission breakdown.'
catastrophic
involving or characterized by a terrible disaster
The catastrophic flood ruined the entire village.
conservation status
an indication of whether a species still exists and how likely it is to become extinct in the near future
Type of damage covered Significant adverse effects on reaching or maintaining favourable conservation status.
critically
involving a diffi cult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention
Think critically and don't lap up everything they tell you.
deadline
a date or time when something must be finished
The deadline for my article is Monday morning.
emission
something sent out or given off
The emission from cars creates air pollution.
exploitation
the act or process of getting value or use from something
We lag behind other nations in the exploitation of the air.
extinct
no longer existing
Dinosaurs are no longer in existence; they are extinct.
foundation
something (such as an idea, principle, or fact) that provides support for something else
She also wanted to inspire other children from countries without strong winter sports foundations.
grim
causing feelings of sadness or worry; gloomy or depressing
The mother had a grim look on her face when her son arrived late for dinner.
industrialized
having a developed economy and advanced technology industrialized countries are polluting the world.
invade
to spread over or into in a harmful way
Soldiers from the neighboring country invaded the town unexpectedly.
mammal
a member of a class of animals that feed milk to their young and usually have hair or fur covering most of their skin
Elephants are the largest mammals on Earth.
marine
of or relating to the sea
Seals, whales, and dolphins are examples of marine animals.
methane
a colorless, odorless gas that can be burned for fuel methane is a type of gas that is used as fuel.
namely
a word used when giving exact information about something you have already mentioned
This idea of centrality may be locational, namely that a city lies at the geographical center of England, Europe, and so on.
perch
a small freshwater fish that is often used for food
Often a dragonfly has a favorite perch on which it sits.
pest
an insect or other animal that causes problems for people,especially by damaging crops
Mosquitoes can truly be a pest after a humid rainy day.
predator
an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals
A lion is predator that is at the top of the food chain.
protocol
a document that describes the details of a formal agreementbetween countries
A total of 156 countries have signed the Kyoto protocol.
resistant
opposed to something; wanting to prevent something from happening
The resistance to the proposal was more than we would have expected.
slash
to reduce by a large amount
Today, the average French meal has been slashed down to 38 minutes.
summit
a meeting between leaders from two or more governments or organizations
I am the two hundred and ninth person to stand on the summit of Mount Everest.
taxonomic
of or relating to the scientific classification of plants and animals
The needs of the natural environment cannot be determined by one taxonomic group.
water vapor
water in the form of a gas; steam
There, the air cools and it cannot hold the water vapor.
abolish
to ban
The United States decided to abolished slavery in the mid 1800s.
appeal
to make a formal request for a higher court to review and change a decision
My client decided to appeal the court’s decision.
arrest
to use the power of the law to take and keep someone, such as a criminal
Ralph had Brooker arrested because he could not pay his debt.
betray
to give information about (a person, country, etc.) to an enemy
I would never betray my friends.
capture
to take and hold as a prisoner, especially by force
It’s terrifying experience to be captured by hijackers.
charge
to formally accuse of a crime
I intend ringing for my butler and instructing him to send for the police and have you charged with theft.
conservative
believing in the value of traditional practices in political and society; a person with conservative beliefs
My grandfather is so conservative; he hasn't bought new clothes in twenty-five years.
counterfeiter
someone who illegally produces fake money in order to trick people
Why would a counterfeiter ever use real bills?
death row
the place where prisoners who have been sentenced to death are kept
There are 58 prisoners on death row now.
deterrent
something that makes someone decide not to do something
Hopefully his punishment will act as a deterrent to others.
execution
the act of killing someone, especially as punishment for a crime
Valentin didn’t like executions, but he knew that criminals needed to be punished.
fee
an amount of money that must be paid
There is no entrance fee to the gallery.
first-degree murder
in some legal systems, murder that was intentional and planned beforehand
He went on trial for first-degree murder and armed robbery.
flee
to run away; to escape
She tried to flee from the men chasing after her.
fugitive
a person who is running away to avoid being caught
After the prisoner escaped from prison, he became a fugitive.
gravity
seriousness
I don't think you realise the gravity of the situation.
injection
the act of forcing a liquid drug into someone using a needle
I received an injection of the flu vaccine yesterday.
locally
relating to or occurring in a particular area, city, or town
Since it was difficult to get to the city and bring in supplies, the people had to grow food locally.
monetary
of or relating to money
She placed a high monetary value on her handcrafted purses.
nominal
very small in amount
We only pay a nominal rent.
operate
to function or behave in a proper or particular way
I’m not sure how to operate the new photocopier. Could you help me?
philosophical
of, relating to, or based on beliefs or ideas about truth,knowledge, right and wrong, etc.
The philosophical debate was attended by the majority of the student body.
politically
with regard to politics or government
Health care is a politically sensitive issue.
pragmatic
relating to matters of fact in a practical way as opposed todepending on ideas or theories
I want to ask you to look at the results, to be pragmatic.
rehabilitation
the process of teaching a criminal in prison to live a normal and productive life
He added this is a key issue in Aceh's rehabilitation.
routinely
often; commonly
You should routinely visit your doctor to make sure that you are not having any health problems.
skip
(informal) to leave (a place) in a sudden and unexpected way,especially to avoid punishment
I know that I shouldn't but I often skip breakfast.
temporarily
for a limited amount of time
Joe temporarily left the office. He'll be back in a moment.
verify
to confirm that something is true or correct
You should verify that statement by looking it up in the book.
viable
capable of being done or used; workable
The only viable solution to the family's situation was to move to a new town.
whereby
by which; according to which
The mayor had a new bridge built whereby the citizens could cross the river.
agonized
showing great pain
We heard an agonized cry in the night.
blow off steam
to get rid of extra energy or strong emotion by some activity
I play baseball to blow off steam.
bonfire
a large outdoor fire
We built a bonfire on the beach.
brand
a mark of disgrace
Which brand of computer do you use?
character
the mental and moral traits that make a person an individual
Baptista wanted a strong man to marry Bianca, but Hortensio had a weak character.
conscious
aware
By actively looking and making a conscious effort to take in trivial information, you begin to train your brain to log in details.
constitution
a document describing the system of beliefs and laws by which a country is governed
The constitution of the United States grants freedom of religion for its people.
creed
an idea or set of beliefs that guides the actions of a person or group
It is not merely true that a creed unites men.
cursed
affected by something bad
The necklace was cursed.
despairing
feeling very sad and without hope
Heidi was desperate to find shelter from the storm.
discrimination
unfairly treating a person or group of people diff erently from others
After moving to a new country, she faced much discrimination because of her race.
ghetto
a part of a city where members of a certain group or race, live usually in poor conditions
He grew up in the ghetto; it was a miracle that he ever survived.
grasp
to take and hold something with your hand or hands
Mrs. Dean grasped Cathy’s arm and dragged her out of the house.
mahogany
a strong reddish-brown wood often used for furniture
She fell in sleep with her knees under the mahogany.
motionless
without moving
The two men stood motionless for a moment, holding their breaths.
Negro
an outdated term meaning “African American," now usually considered offensive
In America the negro question is very serious.
peak
the top of a mountain
We hiked for hours and did not stop until we reached the peak.
physical
relating to the body rather than the mind
Playing football is oneway to achieve physical fitness.
Pilgrim
one of the people from England who created the fi rst permanent settlement in New England in 1620
Many pilgrims come to this festival to bathe in the holy lake.
plantation
a large area of land where crops are grown
The tobacco plantations on the east coast have been in operation for centuries.
remnant
a part of something left when the other parts are gone
You can see the remnants of the city's former glory in the architecture of the buildings.
republic
a country that is governed by elected representatives
The republic demands that Citizen Evremonde goes on trial tomorrow.
rude awakening
an unpleasant surprise
If they had expected a warm welcome, they were in for a rude awakening.
segregation
the practice of legally keeping people of different races, religions, etc. separate from each other
The United States in the past century illegalized.
shred
a long, thin piece torn off of something
The man will shred paper.
slave
someone who is legally owned by another person and is forced to work without pay
Many slaves were able to escape to the North.
slavery
the state of being a slave
Costa Rica became the first Latin American country to abolish slavery.
spiritual
a religious folk song originally sung by African Americans in the southern US
It is the most uplifting and spiritual music.
suspense
a feeling of nervousness or excitement caused by wondering what will happen
That action movie created a lot of suspense.
tender
delicate; easily damaged
The fillet is considered to be the most tender cut of beef, and one of the most expensive.
totter
to walk unsteadily
The monkey was tottering on the wire above the house.
utterance
the act of making a particular sound with one's voice; something said
He gave utterance to Jane about his thoughts.
vein
any one of the tubes that carry blood from parts of the bodyback to the heart veins make the wings strong.
affection
a feeling of liking and caring
His affection for her was obvious from the attention he gave her.
astronomer
a scientist who studies stars, planets, and other objects in space
An astronomer studies the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.
atomic
of or relating to the energy that is produced when atoms are split apart
Some scientists say that atomic power is safe and useful.
classify
to place into a certain group; to categorize
We can classify plants by different things we know about them.
comet
an object in outer space made of ice and dust that develops a long bright tail when it passes near the Sun
Halley's comet may have first been seen as far back as 240 B.C.
coordinates
a set of numbers used to locate a point on a map, graph, etc.
We knew the exact coordinates of our destination.
crater
a large round hole in the ground made by something falling from the sky
The enormous rock hit the earth and left a huge crater.
denote
to mean
Red eyes denote strain and fatigue.
destruction
the act of damaging something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
After the big fire, there was much destruction in the city.
diameter
the distance through the center of something from one side to the other
The diameter of the tree was about 22 centimeters.
dilemma
a situation in which a difficult choice is required
I am faced with a difficult dilemma that will affect my job.
fraction
a part of a larger whole
There is only a fraction of students here now.
incorporate
to include as part of something else
I decided to incorporate a new ingredient into my cake recipe.
meteoroid
a body moving in the solar system that is smaller than an asteroid and would become a meteor if it entered Earth's atmosphere
We can see a flash of light when some meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere.
mineral
a substance that is naturally formed under the ground
Gold is one of the most valuable mineral.
oddball
a person who behaves in strange or unusual ways
My younger brother is a real oddball.
orbit
to travel around
It takes Earth just over 365 days to completely orbit the sun.
resolution
a formal statement that expresses the feelings, wishes, or decisions of a group
My resolution is to stop drinking coffee.
semantic
of or relating to the meanings of words and phrases
I think it is purely semantic.
solar
of or relating to the Sun
There is a plan to collect solar power in space.
sometime
at an unspecified time in the future
Sometimes we prefer to not go out.
status
position or rank in relation to others
Apparently, the king has a higher status than his.
telescope
a device shaped like a long tube that you look through in order to see things that are far away
He received a new telescope for his birthday.
terminology
the special words or phrases used in a particular fi eld
Some of the terminology presented in this lecture may be new, so listen carefully, and feel free to stop me if you have any questions.
TNT
a very powerful explosive
The force of the blast was equivalent to that of 2-3 pounds of tnt.
ton
a unit of weight that equals 2,000 pounds
The weight that a truck is allowed to carry is measured in tones.
underworld
in ancient myths, the place where people's souls go after death
The Greeks believed that Hades was the underworld.
vaporize
to cause (something) to change into a vapor
Water normally vaporizes at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
velocity
speed
The velocity of the baseball was so fast that the batter could not hit it.
vibration
a continuous, slight shaking movement
In our house, we can feel the vibration of the cars passing on the street outside.
aggressive
ready and willing to fight or be forceful
My dogs are very aggressive.
cheat
to break a rule, usually to gain an advantage at something
They cheated on the test by sharing answers.
circulate
to move without stopping through a system, place, etc.
The word that there would be no school tomorrow
civilization
a particular well-organized and developed society
It seems that civilization is improving every year.
consciousness
a person's mind and thoughts
I can't remember any more - I must have lost consciousness.
defy
to go against
To defy the King is to go against him, and that is treason.
elevated
at a high intellectual or moral level
Josh was elevated to captain of the ship.
endure
to experience and deal with (something unpleasant)
He endured a lot of pain when he had cancer.
explicit
clear and complete; leaving no doubt about the meaning
They were explicit in their instructions of how to conduct the interview.
impose
to cause something (such as a punishment) to affect someone by using your authority
Few young people are completely free of food-related pressures from peers, whether or not these pressures are imposed intentionally.
induce
to cause to happen
When a woman’s contractions are too slow, doctors often induce birth.
inevitably
certainly; unavoidably
Don't try to avoid it. It is inevitably going to happen.
intensity
the quality of being intense; extreme strength or force
The intensity of light made it difficult to see.
intervene
to become involved in something in order to have an influence on what happens
Let's settle this problem now before the supervisor intervenes.
loophole
an error or gap in the way a law or rule is written that makes it possible for some people to avoid obeying it
I found a loophole in my contract that will allow me to break the contract without getting a penalty.
martial art
any of several forms of fighting and self-defense that are practiced as sports
I'll teach him martial arts.
meditation
the act or process of spending time in quiet thought
Possibilities include special breathing routines, exercise, meditation, and distraction.
monk
a member of a religious community of men who usually promise to remain poor, unmarried, and separate from the rest of society
The monk entered the temple bringing food for the visitors.
normative
based on what is considered to the usual or correct way of doing something
A normative statement is one that contains a value judgment.
obsession
a state in which someone thinks about someone of something constantly
Her obsession with cats was the cause of their divorce.
penalize
to punish for breaking a rule or law
The team was penalized when they broke the rules
physics
the science that deals with matter and energy and how theyinteract physics is a difficult topic within science.
referee
a person who makes sure that players follow the rules of a game or sport
Being a referee is a good way to participate in a sport that you like.
scholarship
an amount of money given by a school, organization, etc. to help a student pay for his or her education
To get scholarship, she did study very hard last semester.
sluggish
moving slowly or lazily
If I don't eat breakfast then I'm sluggish all morning.
sword
a weapon with a long metal blade
Previously, warriors were trained to use swords.
technique
a way of doing something by using special knowledge or skill
Every chef has their own technique for preparing food.
the letter of the law
the literal meaning of the words of a law or rule, in contrast to its intended effect
They insist on sticking to the letter of the law.
therapy
the treatment of a physical or mental illness
The problems of musical therapy for two-year-olds.
undertake
to begin or attempt
War should be a last resort, obviously, undertaken when all other options have failed.
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