toward the back and then toward the front
We walked back and forth because we couldn’t find the post office.
control
to cause someone or something to act in a desired manner
I can control the way the car moves with this remote.
cooperative
involving two or more people, working together in order to get something done
John always tries to be cooperative with his co-workers.
decide
to make a choice after thinking about something
Sue still hasn't decided what she will eat for dinner.
director
one of a group of managers who controls a company
I want to be a director when I grow up.
establish
to start or begin an organization, institution, or system that will exist, continue, or last for a long time
We have decided to establish a new department.
expectation
a belief or hope that something is going to happen
With high expectation comes great disappointment.
make a decision
decide or arbitrate
We have to make a decision by Friday.
pace
the rate of speed at which someone or something moves or happens
He controls the pace of the story.
technique
a certain way of doing something
Every chef has their own technique for preparing food.
atmosphere
the air around a planet
Our atmosphere contains oxygen.
comparable
similar
His work is comparable with the very best in modern fiction.
ensure
to make something certain
The slower speed ensures that the shuttle can enter Earth’s atmosphere safely.
friction
the act of sliding two objects against each other friction caused the rope to break.
gravity
the force that makes objects with mass fall down towards the ground
Without gravity, we would all be floating in the air.
overcome
to control a problem or difficulty successfully
It took a long time to overcome my sadness after my cat died.
reenter
return to ~
Space shuttles often have to reenter Earth’s atmosphere.
safe
being free from danger or harm
It is not safe to lean out of the window.
speed
the rate at which something or someone is moving
The speed limit on this road is 60 miles per hour.
strength
a good characteristic
The shuttle must be more powerful than the strength of gravity.
convince
to make someone believe something, by arguing or showing evidence
His words convinced people to fight for what they believed in.
democracy
a government that allows all of its people to vote for and choose their leaders democracy had its beginnings in ancient Greece.
development
the act or process of developing
Our country achieved a remarkable development in science.
fight
to try to hurt someone with weapons or physical force
Don’t fight with your friends.
fire
to force a person to leave a job
I was fired from my job because of my poor performance.
imagination
the ability to form ideas and pictures in your head, especially of things you have never experienced in real life
He used his imagination to write the novel.
political
relating to matters of government
Democracy is the idea that the political power of a country should be shared.
recover
to feel better after an illness and return to a healthy state
He spent many weeks recovering from a serious illness.
serious
being dangerous or having a potentially negative effect
That TV show is not funny at all. It’s very serious.
survive
to remain alive
She was lucky to survive the fire.
advertise
to let the public know about a product or service in order to convince them to buy it
Stores advertise goods for sale.
afford
to have enough money to purchase something
I can’t afford that expensive computer. I'm broken.
allow
to let someone do something
His parents allow him to go to the zoo.
borrow
to take or receive something, belonging to another, with the promise of returning it
Can I borrow a pencil? I didn't bring my pen.
brother-in-law
the brother of their husband or wife, or the man who is married to their sister
Gutenberg borrowed money from his brother-in-law.
contemporary
living or happening in the current time
Modern and contemporary art is very different from the art of the Renaissance.
efficient
capable of producing the wanted result without wasting resources such as time, money or energy
He wanted to make an efficient printing press device.
invent
to create something through thought and reason
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
operate
to control or handle something such as a machine
Can you show me how to operate the copying machine?
release
to allow something to be printed or shared with the public
The first book released was the Gutenberg Bible.
billionaire
a person who possesses over a billion units of a currency
She has succeeded in business and is now a billionaire.
commit
to reserve for a certain purpose
The best employees are ones who are committed to their jobs.
educate
to teach at a school or university
They weren’t rich, but they educated him with the value of hard work.
give up
to stop doing something permanently
The teacher encouraged his students to never give up their dreams.
grand
being very large and impressive
The ceremony was very grand.
mayor
the head of city government
The young mayor got to work trying to improve the city.
poverty
the state or experience of being poor and having little or no money poverty is a big problem in many countries.
provide
to offer or give something that is wanted or needed
The school will provide the stationary needed.
reduce
to make something smaller in size, amount, or level
As mayor, he works to reduce poverty and crime.
support
to show acceptance, liking, and willingness to help someone or something
The mayor supports education and job creation for citizens.
care
to be interested, concerned, or worried about something
I don’t care if it is raining! Let’s go outside and play!
democracy
a government that allows all of its people to vote for and choose their leaders democracy had its beginnings in ancient Greece.
duty
the work required by one's job or position
It was the father's duty to work and provide for his family.
field
a specific area of work or study
I am interested in the field of science.
progress
the act of moving forward
The Victorian age was a time of progress.
right
something which one is legally or morally allowed to do
Every citizen has civil rights and duties.
ruler
someone who has official control over a country or area
King Solomon is widely known to have been a fair and just ruler.
steadily
continuously, constantly
Prices have steadily increased over the years.
ultimately
finally, after a long and often complicated series of events ultimately, you have to work hard if you want good grades.
Arabic
relating to or characteristic of Arabs
The arabic word for camel is jamal.
camel
a large desert animal with a long neck and one or two large masses on its back camels are often used as transportation in desert regions.
camp
to establish and use an outdoor living place
When they find a place to camp, they set up tents.
caravan
a group of people traveling together; a mobile home that can be taken to outdoor vacation spots
The Bedouins travel in caravans with long rows of camels.
compare
to look at something with the idea of how it is similar to or different from something else
How do Korean dishes compare with American dishes?
desert
a dry place with little rain
Crossing a desert like the Sahara is dangerous due to the lack of water.
eager
anxious, excited
Every students in the class seemed eager to learn.
nomad
a member of a group that is characterized by always moving from place to place, usually in search of food or shelter
Bedouins are nomads who live in the Saudi Arabian desert.
Saudi Arabia
a kingdom in SW Asia, occupying most of the Arabian peninsula between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea
Bedouins are nomads who live in the Saudi Arabian desert.
set up
to build something or put something somewhere
The firemen set up a ladder against the window.
chef
a person whose job is to cook food in a restaurant or hotel
He is the head chef of that restaurant.
complicated
difficult, not easy
For me science is too complicated to understand.
distinguish
to be able to recognize the difference between certain people or things
She could not distinguish the twins from each other.
ingredient
one of the food items used when making a meal or drink
Before you start cooking, make sure you have all the ingredients.
marry
to take someone as your husband or wife in a legal union
Then they get married and live happily ever after.
prepare
to become ready for a future activity, event, or purpose
She spent hours preparing the meal.
recipe
a list of items needed and a procedure to follow in order to cook a particular dish
We use a recipe to make food.
spice
a plant used to improve the taste of food
I like to add some spices to my hamburger.
spoil
to become bad or unusable, usually referring to food
The meat will spoil if you don't put it in the fridge.
taste
the feeling that is experienced when food or drink is put into the mouth
The taste of the lemon is sour.
admittedly
truthfully admittedly, I am not the best driver in the world.
appear
to seem to be a certain way
If the animal appears to be strong, the pack will retreat and test another.
difficult
hard to manage, complete or do
The hike up the mountain was very difficult.
harm
to damage, injure, or hurt someone or something
Eating too much sugar will harm your teeth.
identify
to know and say who a person or thing is
Even the youngest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
pack
a group of people, animals, or objects
Wolves live in packs.
retreat
to move back from an enemy (as an army or a group of soldiers)
The army retreated back across the river.
rush
to perform or finish something with speed and urgency
To test the animal they want to eat, wolves rush toward it.
take turns
alternate, work in shifts
We must take turns when playing this game.
wound
a cut or hole in the body of a person or animal that is usually caused by a weapon
I cut myself with a knife and got a deep wound.
careful
thinking about what you are doing in order to avoid a mistake
Be careful. This is dangerous!
cause
to create an effect or result
The storm caused a blackout in many towns.
crowded
having many people in a small area
The green subway line is always crowded in Seoul.
huge
of great size or area
The Statue of Liberty is a huge statue.
impression
an opinion or feeling you have that is based on appearance and is not certain
My first impression of the student was that he was very lazy.
inspire
to give someone an idea to do or make something
The design was inspired by a Greek vase painting.
manufacture
to make a large amount of products in a factory
People manufacture many things such as cars.
unique
being very special or rare
His hair style is very unique.
unusual
being rare or uncommon; not ordinary
It’s unusual for it to be so warm during the winter.
urban
relating to a city; located in a city
The population in urban areas is greater than the population in rural areas.
admire
to have respect for someone due to their positive qualities or actions
My mom is the person I admire the most.
custom
the usual or traditional way of doing things for a particular society or group of people
All cultures have different customs.
describe
to talk about the details of something
Can you please describe what he was wearing?
European
belonging or relating to, or coming from Europe
Before Marco Polo’s travels, most europeans did not know of the people in the East.
explorer
a person who explores an area
Christopher Columbus was a famous explorer.
get back
to return, especially to your home
How do I get back to the main highway from here?
journey
a period of travel or the process of going from one place to another
They are going to take a journey around the world.
Mongolian
belonging or relating to Mongolia
The mongolian restaurant was frequented by international college students.
open minded
willing to listen to other people's ideas and suggestions.
She wished her parents were more open-minded about her friends.
significant
having a big or important effect
His girlfriend had a significant place in his heart.
advice
a suggestion or an opinion regarding what someone should or should not do
My mom gives me advice when I have a problem.
audience
the group of people watching or listening to an event
Comedians try hard to make the audience laugh.
commercial
a radio or television advertisement
He spends a lot of time watching commercials on TV.
common
not unusual
It is very common to have more than one television.
contest
an event where people attempt to do things better than others in order to win
I want to win the contest.
fortune
a lot of money; great wealth
Some people spend a fortune when they go shopping.
judge
a person who decides on the results of a contest or competition judges don’t decide who the winner is.
overnight
in a short amount of time
Pop Idol became an overnight smash.
reality
what is true as opposed to what is imagined reality shows are very popular these days.
smash
something such as a song or film that is very successful
The show was cheap to produce, and it became an overnight smash.
advance
to move forward
Our troops made an advance against the enemy.
aviator
a pilot of a plane
The aviator had a hard time flying through the thunderstorm.
battle
a violent fight between two or more groups of armies or people that is usually part of a broader conflict
The two knights fought each other in a battle.
commonly
in an ordinary manner
We commonly go to church on Sunday morning.
communicate
to express information by writing, speaking or making gestures
Even if it's the same language, it can still be difficult to communicate efficiently.
enemy
someone who is opposed to another; someone who tries to harm another
I hate him. He is my enemy.
improve
to make something better
I got a B last week and a B+ today. My grades improved.
protect
(usually followed by "against" or "from" ) to defend against harm or danger
Soldiers can protect themselves with a tank.
submarine
a type of ship that can travel both above and below the surface of the sea submarines are boats that move under water.
troop
a group of soldiers, especially horse; an organized group
She was the only soldier from her troop to survive. The rest were killed in the battle.
clever
being funny in a manner or style that displays intelligence
His brother, Ira, deserves credit for adding lyrics to many of the clever songs.
composer
a person who creates music
George Gershwin is still thought of as one of America’s best composers.
deserve
to be worthy
The boy deserved a good grade because he studied very hard.
despite
happening without being stopped by something that could prevent the event that happens despite his talent, it was not a lone effort.
display
to show your feelings or thoughts by words or actions
George Gershwin displayed his greatness when he created the tunes for many American musicals.
distinctive
having a quality that is different from others
She has a very distinctive voice.
lone
alone
She was the lone survivor of the plane crash.
notable
deserving notice or mention; important
She received an award for her notable works.
star
to have someone play an important role in a movie, play, etc.
During his short life, he starred in many movies and TV shows.
tumor
an abnormal growth of cells
Sadly, George died at just 38 from a brain tumor.
exhibit
to put an object on display in public so that people can look at or study it
The Art Center exhibited some of Van Gogh’s paintings.
extremely
in a way that is much more than usual or expected
The weather was extremely hot today.
famous
known by a lot of people; easy to recognize
Elvis was a very famous singer.
hire
to give a job to someone in exchange for pay
My boss hired five new people at his office.
mold
a container used to shape a material into a certain form
Sculptors poured metal in a mold and made some little statues.
museum
a place where objects from the field of art, science, or history are displayed and shown to the public
That museum has a great collection of art.
realistic
appearing as something does in reality
It isn't realistic to think that you can teach your dog to talk.
sculptor
a person who creates sculptures
The sculptor created the beautiful statue out of metal.
sculpture
the practice of creating artistic objects from wood, clay or other materials
Greek sculpture is admired throughout the world.
successful
having the desired effect or result
That wealthy man is a successful banker.
award
a prize given for doing something well
Roy won an award for best actor in a movie.
college
an institution where students can study a particular subject or profession and get a degree at the end of their studies
After he graduates from high school, he’s going to college.
definite
being said or done in a way that is clear and easily understood
I will definitely join you for dinner tonight.
dull
not interesting; boring
The lecture was so dull, the students just walked out of class.
gymnasium
a room or building used for physical activities or sports
The game was played in New Brunswick, New Jersey, where the Rutgers gymnasium now stands.
moment
a short time period
He thought for a moment and then said.
originally
at first; at the beginning
This restaurant was originally a clothing store.
rematch
a second game that is played between two people or teams
The two teams played a rematch a week later.
season
the usual time when a particular activity takes place
In the next season, Columbia University also began to play American football. Most other colleges in the East followed soon after.
take place
happen
This game took place at Princeton.
bouncy
very lively
This is a very bouncy ball.
develop
to create or think of something
She developed a new way of teaching her students math.
discover
to find something for the first time
Did Columbus discover America?
entertainment
something that entertains
Games are a form of entertainment.
frequently
often
Forest fires break out frequently in the spring.
identifiable
able to be recognized
The house is easily identifiable by the large tree outside.
ordinary
being not exciting or impressive
It was an ordinary day. Nothing special.
popularity
the state of being liked or supported by a large number of people
His books gained popularity with readers.
recognize
to accept the truth or reality of something
We recognized him as the best player in his high school.
rubber
a strong, bendable material made from the juice of a tree
Where did the rubber ball go?
absolutely
completely; definitely
What I’m saying is absolutely true.
absorb
to take in a liquid or other substance
A sponge is used to absorb water and liquids.
affect
to do something that causes a change in someone's situation
The air pollution is affecting our life.
current
a steady and continuous flowing movement of some of the water in a river, lake, or sea
The current drifted the boat downstream.
distribute
to divide something among or give out to people
The church distributes free dinners on Thanksgiving Day.
influence
to have an effect on the way someone or something acts or happens without directly controlling the person or thing
The weather can influence my mood.
massive
being large in degree or amount
Warm water changes form and creates massive clouds.
produce
to manufacture something using machines
I have produced many pamphlets for you to use.
spread
to become known by a greater number of people
The news about his victory spread very fast.
vital
being of extreme importance for the success of something
The sun is also vital to the weather.
amazing
surprising in a pleasing way
The firework show was amazing.
cruise
to move at a steady rate of speed
Manta rays cruise the warm water in search of food.
external
on the outside of something
Corals have an external skeleton.
inhabit
to live in a certain area or place
Many different types of fish inhabit the area.
marine
having to do with the ocean or ocean plants and animals
Sharks are marine animals.
realize
to understand or sense something
I realized that it was time to leave.
resource
(usually plural) a supply of something that can be used for needs
We must reduce the amount of resources we use.
roam
to move about freely without a set destination
The tourists roamed across the beach.
underwater
beneath the surface of the water
The seal disappeared underwater.
vast
being very large in size or amount
The government is going to borrow vast amounts of money.
get rid of
make yourself free of somebody/something that is annoying you or that you do not want
For some people, it is difficult to get rid of extra weight.
grease
a slippery material made from oil
Water alone is not able to wash away grease.
ideal
being perfect for a particular purpose
My ideal man is a man with thick eyebrows.
made up of
composed of
One team is made up of 6 players.
mix
to combine two or more things to make a new product
People mix things together when they cook.
necessary
being needed or required
It is not necessary to go to school on Sunday.
stick
to be attached to something with a specific substance
The mirror was stuck on the wall.
substance
a particular type of material
There was a strange black substance on the floor.
various
having to do with several different things or people
There are various books in the library.
well-known
known about by a lot of people and is therefore famous or familiar
Soap is a well-known tool for cleaning.
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