a state of utter confusion or disorder
The house was in chaos after the party.
discomfort
the state of not feeling well
He still suffers considerable discomfort from his injury.
ownership
the state of owning or having a legal right to something
I claim ownership of the vehicle after I buy it.
pioneer
a person who explores or creates new ideas and methods
miniatureaPicasso was a pioneer of cubism.
rerun
perform or show again
This program is being rerun in response to the requests of the netizens.
resonate
to sound clearly for a long time
The voice of the children's choir resonated through out the church.
ridiculous
being very unreasonable or stupid
She had white leather pants and a bright green shirt on and looked ridiculous.
roar
to produce a very loud, deep sound
The lion roars when it is hungry.
significant
having a big or important effect
His girlfriend had a significant place in his heart.
abdomen
the stomach area of a person
After he ate too much, the man felt pain in his abdomen.
bewildering
extremely confusing
The students complained about the bewildering instructions on the test.
come up with
develop; invent
We need to come up with a solution to the problem fast!
complicated
difficult, not easy
For me science is too complicated to understand.
inhabit
to live in a certain area or place
Bats tend to inhabit dark places like caves.
maneuver
to move skillfully
Every year the army and navy hold maneuver for practice.
navel
the small, hollow or raised area in the middle of your stomach
I got my navel pierced, and my mother got angry!
preserve
to protect something from harm, loss or damage
Environment must be preserved for future generation.
span
to exist or continue for a particular length of time
The bottle was about a span long.
surmise
to make a reasonable guess
I surmised from his looks that he was very poor then.
allotment
할당, 분배, 몫
the king gave large allotments of land to each of his barons, who would each establish a manor.
destined
decided in advance seemingly by a higher power
The boy seems destined to become famous.
distribute
to divide something among or give out to people
The teacher distributed the tests after the bell rang.
divine
(old-fashioned) being very good or wonderful
Do you believe in a divine force that controls all destiny?
elevate
to make something higher
She was elevated to one of the highest positions in the government.
levy
to impose by legal authority
The citizens of the colony protested when the king levied new taxes on them.
manor
the main house or mansion on an estate
The stone walls of the ancient manor still stand today.
privilege
an advantage or right that is given to only a certain person or group of people
It has been our privilege to serve you on this flight.
subject
course of study
All of the king’s subjects bowed as the king passed by on his horse.
supposedly
based on what many people have said or believe to be true
According to many people, he is supposedly a good player.
currency
the type of money that is used in a particular country
I couldn't buy anything on my trip because I didn't have any of that country's currency.
facilitate
to make it easier for an event to occur
The telephone is a way to facilitate communication between people who are apart.
geographic
relating to or involving GEOGRAPHY
This particular geographic region has many unique mountains and other physical features.
historically
in or with respect to history or the past historically, powerful nations were able to protect their interests.
marsh
an area of low land that is always wet and soft and has a lot of plants
You can usually find many dangerous animals living in a marsh, such as poisonous snakes.
modernize
to begin using the newest tools, methods, or technology
I want to modernize my grandparents' fashion.
pasture
a large area of land, usually used for cattle and livestock
The cows were out in the pasture this morning.
prosperity
the state of being economically successful
The country's future prosperity depends on the education of its children.
reclaim
to bring back; recover
Starting in the 7th century, people began to reclaim the land from the sea by building walls to keep back the sea.
tidal
relating to the regular rising and falling of the level of the ocean
Surfers use small tidal waves to ride on their boards.
appoint
to choose someone for a position or give them a certain duty
The president will appoint the new secretary at the meeting next week.
candidate
a person being considered for some role, such as a job, membership in a group or government office
A candidate for president must prove that he or she is ready for the position.
diplomacy
the tactful handling of sensitive relationships
He discussed the sensitive issue between the two sides with great diplomacy.
diplomat
a person who acts for his or her government in matters with foreign governments
A diplomat has to meet leaders of different countries.
inspire
to make someone have the desire to do something
The book was written to inspire all artist to pursue their dreams.
prominent
being important or well known
Her father is a prominent doctor who is known and respected by many other doctors.
reform
to make a system or organization better by changing it
The old laws were reformed to take into account the present social situation.
resolve
to make a decision to do something
She resolved that she would never see him again.
unanimous
having one opinion agreed to by everyone
The decision to build a new school was unanimous, no one was against it.
veto
To forbid while in a position of authority
The president vetoed the latest tax bill.
abdicate
to give up the throne
Her illness forced her to abdicate her role as chairperson of the committee.
assassinate
to murder an important individual by sudden or secret attack
A crazy man tried to assassinate the president, but he failed.
casualty
someone who is hurt or killed in a war, accident, or disaster
It was a big earthquake, but no casualties have been reported.
communist
relating to an economic system based on government control of capital and labor
Lenin was a communist leader during the Russian Revolution.
expel
to force a person to leave a place such as a country or organization
The town expelled the dangerous invader.
influential
having the ability to influence someone or something
Albert Einstein was very influential in the development of the atomic bomb.
overthrow
to remove a leader or a governing body from a position of power, often with force
King Twala is a cruel king. Why don’t the people rise up and overthrow him?
provisional
existing and accepting something for a set period of time
We received a provisional list of names because the final list of names is not available yet.
replace
to get something new to put in the place of something that is old, broken or missing
I have to replace the battery in my watch.
shortage
a condition in which there is a lack of something necessary
Food shortage and military losses during World War I caused people to revolt.
consumer
a person who buys and uses products and services
She was a smart consumer who knew how to save money.
decline
to decrease in amount, strength or importance
Our sales are declining due to the poor economy.
delicacy
something pleasing because of its good taste, or for being uncommon
Snails are a delicacy in France.
endangered
at risk of extinction
The Panda is an endangered animal.
extract
to get a substance out of a plant by using chemicals or machines
The perfume is made from essential oils that were extracted from tropical flowers.
fake
not real; made to look like something real
My hand bag was made from fake alligator skin.
majority
an amount that is most or more than half of a group of people or things
A majority of the employees received a salary increase, but a few did not.
mesh
a material made from thread or wires with evenly spaced holes that allows water or air to pass through
I like to work out in mesh clothes, so I don't get as sweaty.
primarily
of a main purpose; chiefly
Baseball is primarily a summer sport because it's played outside.
scarce
being very little in amount
When it did not rain for three months in a row, water became very scarce.
aristocracy
a privileged ruling class
Princess Diana's father was a member of the British aristocracy.
claim
to state something unproven to be true
She claimed she graduated from Harvard University, but no one believed her.
implement
to begin to do or use something new, especially regarding a policy
The school implemented a new uniform policy for its students.
meritocracy
능력 위주 사회, 수재 교육제도
ved in meritocracy, a system under which a person’s status in society is based on his knowledge and skills.
morality
a set of ideas about the right and wrong ways of behaving
Old fables dealt with morality and the correct behavior for life.
mourn
to feel very sad about something, often the death of someone
The family mourned the death of the grandfather.
thinker
a person who studies important or serious matters, and often creates new ideas
Plato is considered to be one of the great thinkers in history.
transmit
to transfer something from one person or place to another
Cell phones are transmittal devices that send voice information through waves.
treat
to act toward someone in a particular way
You must treat your pets with kindness.
warrior
a person who fights in a battle and is experienced, courageous, or skilled
Immediately, all the warriors raised their spears and shouted, "Koom!"
convergence
a gathering or assembly
Earthquakes occur at the convergence of plates, known as faults.
destruction
the act of damaging beyond repair
Nuclear weapons are examples of weapons of mass destruction.
geologist
a person who studies the qualities of and changes to Earth's rocks, layers, and physical features
My friend is a geologist. He takes soil samples to his lab to examine them for their elements.
mitigate
to make less severe or serious
The girl's problems were mitigated when another adolescent confessed to the crime.
precaution
an action performed in order to prevent something possibly dangerous, harmful, or troublesome from happening
As a precaution, the workers closed off the bridge during the storm.
prevent
to keep something from existing or happening; to keep someone from doing something
Avoiding stress is the best way to prevent cancer.
rumbling
a low, heavy continuous sound or series of sounds
I am so hungry, I can hear the rumble of my stomach.
tectonic
(technical) relating to the structure of the Earth's surface
The Earth's surface is divided into a number of tectonic plates that float on an ocean of very hot liquid rock.
unpredictable
changing so frequently that it is difficult to know what will come next; changing one's behavior so often that it is difficult to know what to expect
The weather in my country is so unpredictable in the summer.
withstand
to remain unaffected by something or someone
The old house was still very strong and could withstand the strong winds that came during winter.
alternative
something that can be used or done instead of something else
The alternative route was actually longer than the normal route.
collide
to come together or crash with a lot of force
The car collided into other car coming in the opposite direction on the highway.
devastate
to ruin or destroy something
The devastated village took twenty years to rebuild.
lava
very hot rock, in liquid form, that flows from a VOLCANO
Hot lava flowed down the mountain side and destroyed the village
molten
being in a liquid state due to being melted by heat, usually of rock or metal
We watched the molten rock flow quickly from the ground after the natural disaster occurred.
random
showing no pattern or clear purpose; selected by pure chance
To determine the winner or the contest, we will select one random ticket.
somewhat
a little bit; rather
Helen was only somewhat upset when she lost her book.
subduction
제거, 삭감, 침강 subduction of plates often causes earthquakes.
tremendous
having great size, excellence, or power
The workers made a tremendous effort to ensure the product was good.
volatile
being able to easily become a gas at a low temperature
Petrol is a volatile substance.
authority
the power to make decisions or command and control others
Who gave you the authority to do that?
dictatorship
power or control by a DICTATOR
Germany under the leadership of Hitler became a dictatorship.
grant
to give someone something that he or she wants or let a person do what he or she wants
Our teacher granted us two more days to finish our projects.
imprison
to put someone in prison
By law, you can’t imprison someone without a trial.
inheritance
money or property received when someone dies
The rich woman left a(n) inheritance to her cat!
monarchy
a system of government with a MONARCH as the ruler
Saudi Arabia is a(n) monarchy.
restricted
limited
Only certain people can enter this restricted area.
revere
to give something or someone great respect and loyalty
Many of the professor’s students seem to revere him.
revolt
to openly and often violently rise up against a government
The Muslims of Spain revolted in the year 756.
tax
money charged by a government for public services
He was sent to prison for not paying his taxes.
annual
happening once every year
The Oscars are an annual award for the best movies.
capability
the means, ability, or potential to do something
He had remarkable capabilities and was soon promoted to the position of CEO.
complaint
a statement of unhappiness about something or someone
The customer has a complaint about our products.
fascinating
inspiring great interest or attraction
I find Asian cultures fascinating.
inaugurate
to bring an important change into being or action
The moon landing inaugurated a new era in space exploration.
live
being broadcast as events happen, instead of being recorded earlier
The broadcast was recorded, not live.
occasional
occurring irregularly
It is cloudy with occasional showers.
spontaneity
the quality of being impulsive
The woman was praised for her brilliance, skill, and spontaneity.
suppose
to assume something as true for the sake of argument or to predict what will happen in the future supposing you were a foreigner, please try to answer my questions.
trip
to stumble
Tom tripped over the rock on the ground.
capture
to catch and keep a person or animal against their will
The animals are captured in nets.
competitor
a person, team or company which does the same thing as another and tries to do it better
Joe's competitor was taller and stronger, so he knew it would be a tough race.
conquer
to take control of something by force
Ancient peoples would conquer foreign lands to build their empires.
convert
to switch something from one state, method or purpose to another
You should convert your American dollars into Korean won.
defeat
to win a victory over someone or some group
She defeated the champion in three sets.
derive
to come from another thing
Can you tell me where these plants were derived from?
dethrone
폐위하다
Even though the Normans were eventually dethroned, French words became an important part of English.
profound
showing a lot of deep knowledge or thought
She does not talk much, but when she does her statements are profound.
repercussion
an effect, usually not direct, that results from an action or event
The repercussion of not completing the final project is a failing grade in the class.
supremacy
the state of being greatest or best possible
After the battle, they gained naval supremacy.
commercial
relating to the buying and selling of products
The program is now available for commercial sale.
commodity
a product that is bought and sold
Money, gold, silver, wheat, corn are all important commodities.
comprise
to be part of something bigger
The computer is comprised of many parts that simultaneously work together.
enlarge
to make something larger
We enlarged our house by adding two new rooms.
futuristic
very modern
The new jet pack is a futuristic device that lets one man fly around like an astronaut.
mannequin
a life-size dummy used to display clothes
The mannequinn in the store window was wearing a beautiful dress and hat.
outrageous
exceeding the usual limits, unconventional
The child's outrageous behavior at the park was embarrassing for his parents.
perspective
a point of view; a way of looking at something
Her perspective of the situation was very different than mine.
prop
a moveable item other than costumes or scenery, used on the set of a theater or movie production
Both actors used props to make it look like they were having a real sword fight.
attempt
to try to do something, usually something that is challenging or difficult
Do not give up without attempting to find out the truth.
attribute
(usually with 'to') to identify something as being caused by a specific action, event, or person
He attributes his good looks to his mother.
bargain
to discuss the price, amount or other details of a sale
Rachel is trying to bargain down the price.
coincidence
an event in which two separate events happen at the same time or in the same way by chance
By a strange coincidence we happened to be travelling on the same flight.
controversial
causing a great deal of argument, discussion, or conflict
The president has made several controversial decisions that many people do not agree with.
critic
a person whose job is to judge the quality of something
The newspaper's food critic wrote a great review of the restaurant.
fake
to produce a copy of something in order to trick people
She faked her mother’s signature on the document.
flock
to gather together or move as a group
The teenagers flocked to the mall to see the pop singer.
plague
to have continual problems with something
Malaria has plagued mankind for centuries.
suspect
to have doubts about something
We suspect that Sally was the one who took the backpack.
competition
the act or process of trying to win or be better than others at something
The competition was going to be held Saturday afternoon at the school playground.
croquet
a game similar to golf, but with bigger balls croquet is a game played on grass in which the players use long wooden sticks.
evolve
to change by a process of EVOLUTION, as in plants and animals
Many species of animals have evolved over many years.
found
to establish an organization such as a business, school, or institution
The university was founded in 1922.
host
to lead or start a party, program, or other event
I will host the awards ceremony next week.
inequality
an unfair state in which certain people have more of something such as money or power than other people
Her essay on the inequality of human races won her first prize in the contest.
maintain
to continue
Running and playing sports helps me to maintain my weight.
make up
create
Women make up 56% of the student numbers.
prejudice
an unreasonable feeling of dislike for people because of their race, sex, religion, or background
The overweight woman has a prejudice against thin people.
strategy
a careful plan or method
His strategy was to start studying for the test several days early.
arouse
to create emotional excitement in someone; interest someone
Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions.
conspiracy
a plan made in secret to do something illegal
The special agent discovered a conspiracy to start a revolution.
deliberately
purposely
She’s been deliberately ignoring him all day.
gambler
a person who plays games of chance to win money
Many gamblers try to hit the jackpot in Las Vegas.
ignore
not to notice or consider someone or something
Just ignore my sister when she bothers you.
investigate
to find more information
The detectives investigated the crime scene.
opponent
a person that you are competing against in a game or contest
His opponent in the tennis game was strong and fast.
playoff
a final contest or series to determine the winner between contestants or teams that have tied, or to determine a championship
My two favorite baseball teams are in the playoffs this year.
revere
to give something or someone great respect and loyalty
The king was revered by some as a wise ruler but despised by others as a selfish tyrant.
willingness
acting gladly
She expressed her willingness to work for us..
define
to give an explanation
A camera can be defined as a deviced used to take pictures.
hop
to make a small jump
Sue hopped all the way home.
parched
몹시 건조한, 바싹 말라 버린
I got so nervous that my lips became parched.
precipitation
water that falls from the sky onto the ground, usually in the form of rain or snow
Tomorrow's weather will be dry with no precipitation expected.
preserve
to protect something from harm, loss or damage
Environment must be preserved for future generation.
scorch
태우다, 그을리다
I scorched my shirt when I was ironing it.
similar to
having a likeness to another person or thing
Racquetball is similar to tennis in that it requires the use of a racket and a ball.
surprise
to cause someone to respond with shock by doing something unexpected
She surprised her mother with a present.
tomb
a grave or other place of burial
Kings were often buried in large tombs in pyramids.
component
one of a series of parts that together make up something larger, such as a system or machine
One component of the investigation was the analysis of the crime scene.
corrosive
causing damage by chemical action
Household bleach is a strong corrosive that can burn or irritate the skin.
deplete
To deplete an amount of something means to use up all of it.
The country's natural resources are rapidly being depleted.
erupt
(for a VOLCANO) to shoot out or spill hot rocks, smoke, and fire
We don’t know when Mount Fugi is going to erupt.
irritate
to disturb, anger, or upset someone
This man is very easy to irritate and will get upset about almost anything.
made up of
comprising; composed of
The test is made up of 50 multiple choice questions.
nitrogen
a colorless chemical element without a smell that forms most of the earth's atmosphere nitrogen is an important part of the process that allows plants to grow and produce new plants.
stratosphere
A layer of Earth's atmosphere
The second layer of Earth's atmosphere is called the stratosphere.
surround
to be all the way around something
When something is all around you, you are surrounded by it.
ultraviolet light
자외선
Exposure to ultraviolet light is closely linked to skin cancer.
detect
to discover the existence of something
I could detect the smell of tobacco on his clothes.
electromagnetic
having magnetic and electrical parts
All electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation.
emit
to release or send something
The kettle emitted steam and a whistling sound when the water was boiled.
fraction
a small part of something
He had done only a fraction of his homework.
frequency
(technical) the number of repetitions of a wave, such as radio or sound, in a unit of time
There are many newscasts on the FM radio frequencies.
infrared
producing a kind of light that cannot be seen, but can be felt
When scientists want to watch an animal doing things at night, they use an infrared camera.
photon
a particle having energy but no mass or electric charge
Plants use light photons to convert it to energy.
property
a particular quality that someone or something has
Due to the chemical property of cesium, it is difficult and dangerous to obtain.
radiation
potentially harmful waves of energy given off by nuclear activity
The radiation leak from the nuclear power plant almost killed the local residents.
vibrate
to move side to side or back and forth very quickly in small movements
My phone vibrated loudly when you called me.
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