n. 신동, 영재
Do you think you would be happy
being a child prodigy, someone who is
truly gifted in something at a very young
age?
gifted
a. 타고난 재능이 있는
Do you think you would be happy
being a child prodigy, someone who is
truly gifted in something at a very young
age?
track
v. 추적하다, 뒤쫓다
One is simply to track the achievements of precocious kids.
precocious
a. 조숙한, (성격·지식 등이) 발달이 빠른
A study of 200 highly accomplished adults found that just 34 percent had been considered precocious as children.
fate
n. 운명
The fate of the Hunter College child geniuses in the study was not greatness.
adjust
v. 적응하다, 조절하다
Thirty years down the road, the Hunter
graduates were all doing pretty well and were reasonably well adjusted and happy.
prominent
a. 중요한, 유명한
None of the Hunter graduates became CEOs of world-famous corporations, prominent politicians, well-known writers, or Nobel Prize winners
rank
v. (등급 ·순위를) 매기다, 평가하다
There were 15 nationally-ranked runners who were 13 and 14 years old.
ordinary
a. 보통의, 평범한
There is a long list of historical geniuses who were quite ordinary as children.
tricky
a. 다루기 힘든, 까다로운
Precocity is a trickier subject than people may ordinarily think.
mastery
n. 숙련, 숙달
The benefits of earlier mastery are often overestimated.
overestimate
v. 과대평가하다
The benefits of earlier mastery are often overestimated.
end up
결국 (어떤 처지에) 처하게 되다
There are many people who either
started out good and went bad or started bad and ended up good.
acquisition
n. 습득
Early acquisition of skills, which is often what we mean by precocity, may be a misleading indicator of later success.
misleading
a. 오해의 소지가 있는
Early acquisition of skills, which is often what we mean by precocity, may be a misleading indicator of later success.
indicator
n. 지표, 척도
Early acquisition of skills, which is often what we mean by precocity, may be a misleading indicator of later success.
inaccurate
a. 부정확한, 틀린
When we call a child precocious, we have a very inaccurate definition of what we mean.
have a lot to do with
···와 많은 관련이 있다
Adult success has a lot to do with more than that.
obsession
n. 집착, 사로잡힘
In our obsession with precocity, we are exaggerating the importance of being
talented.
exaggerate
v. 과장하다
In our obsession with precocity, we are exaggerating the importance of being
talented.
deliberate
a. 의도적인, 계획적인; 신중한 Deliberate practice toward a goal is much more important than natural-born ability.
cite
v. (이유·예를) 들다, 언급하다
People often cite Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart as a child prodigy.
arrangement
n. 편곡
Mozart's childhood works are basically arrangements of works by other composers.
go all out
전력을 다하다, 모든 것을 내걸다
Leopold was the 18th-century version of a modern day parent who goes all out to make his or her child a star.
attribute
v. (···을 ~의) 결과로[덕분으로] 보다
Young Mozart’s incredible musical ability
might better be attributed to practice.
compel
v. 강요하다, ···하게 만들다
{Compelled] to practice three hours a day from age three on, by age six, the young
Wolfgang had practiced an astonishing 3,500 hours.
astonishing
a. 정말 놀라운, 믿기 힘든
Compelled to practice three hours a day from age three on, by age six, the young
Wolfgang had practiced an astonishing 3,500 hours.
remarkable
a. 주목할 만한, 놀랄만한
Einstein displayed no remarkable
native intelligence as a child.
personality trait
성격적 특성
His success seems to have come
from certain habits and personality traits — curiosity, resolve, and determination.
component
n. 구성 요소
Curiosity, resolve, and determination are not particularly fascinating, but they are the more essential components of genius.
based on
···에 근거하여
Predictions from childhood about adult performance cannot be made based on relatively fixed traits such as IQ and early acquisition of skills.
relatively
ad. 상대적으로, 비교적
Predictions from childhood about adult performance cannot be made based on relatively fixed traits such as IQ and early acquisition of skills.
fixed
a. 고정된, 확고한
Predictions from childhood about adult performance cannot be made based on relatively fixed traits such as IQ and early acquisition of skills.
variable
a. 가변적인, 변화를 줄 수 있는
Many of the traits that really matter in predicting adult success are variable traits like creativity, determination, and leadership.
reorganize
v. 재조직하다
Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences.
cell
n. 세포
Till recently it was believed that growing new brain cells was simply impossible.
prevailing
a. 우세한, 지배적인
The prevailing scientific view was that a person is born with a particular number of neurons, or brain cells, which only decrease with age.
stimulate
v. 자극하다, 격려[고무]하다
Learning new things stimulates the brain and encourages it to rewire itself and
change throughout life. By
cognitive
a. 인지적인
Even a mature brain can grow new neuron by performing cognitive tasks, such as learning and problem solving.
mature
a. 성숙한, 완전히 자란
Kaplan found that stem cells are transformed into brain cells, not the mature neurons reproducing.
reproduce
v. 번식하다, 재생하다
Kaplan found that stem cells are transformed into brain cells, not the mature neurons reproducing.
innovative
a. 혁신적인, 획기적인
Synapses are the key to intelligence, creativity, and innovative thinking.
rewire
v. 배선을 바꾸다, 전선을 갈다
Learning new things stimulates the brain and encourages it to rewire itself and change throughout life.
flexible
a. 융통성 있는, 탄력적인, 유연한
The brain is a remarkably flexible and
dynamic organ.
philosopher
n. 철학자
French philosopher Descartes said, “Except our own thoughts,
there is nothing absolutely in our power.”
rationally
ad. 이성적으로, 합리적으로
You only had to think rationally, unaffected
by biases and emotions.
rely on
…에 의존하다
In fact, the human brain is structured in a way that it often prefers relying on a set of illogical thinking patterns instead of following reason all the time.
judgment
n. 판단, 평가
The brain’s illogical thinking patterns that make unsound judgments are called cognitive bias.
bias
n. 편견, 편향
The brain’s illogical thinking patterns that make unsound judgments are called cognitive bias.
confirmation
n. 확신, 확증
The confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs or biases.
vegetarian
n. 채식주의자
I’m a vegetarian, and I’m convinced that my decision not to eat meat is rational and based on objective research.
convince
v. 확신시키다, 설득하다
I’m a vegetarian, and I’m convinced that my decision not to eat meat is rational and based on objective research.
unreliable
a. 신뢰할 수 없는
Studies in favor of eating meat seem few and unreliable.
advocate
n. 옹호자, 지지자
I’m a strong advocate for a balanced meat and plant diet.
interpret
v. 해석하다
The confirmation bias impacts both how people gather information and how they interpret and recall it.
unconsciously
ad. 무의식적으로
The confirmation bias makes people unconsciously seek information that matches their own opinions.
contradict
v. 모순되다; 반박하다
When people encounter evidence that contradicts their view, the confirmation bias helps them to interpret it in a way that supports their existing opinion or to dismiss it as unreliable.
dismiss
v. 무시하다
When people encounter evidence that contradicts their view, the confirmation bias helps them to interpret it in a way that supports their existing opinion or to dismiss it as unreliable.
faulty
ad. 결점 있는, 불완전한
The confirmation bias prevents us from looking at situations objectively, leading us to make poor or faulty choices.
firm
a. 확고한
We even become firm in our loyalty to political parties and view them simply in “us” or “them” terms.
loyalty
n. 충성(심)
We even become firm in our loyalty to political parties and view them simply in “us” or “them” terms.
trap
n. 덫, 함정
Charles Darwin came up with a golden rule to avoid falling into the trap of the confirmation bias.
discredit
v. 신임을 떨어뜨리다, 의심하다
Paying extra attention to claims that challenge your opinions and attempting to discredit your own beliefs allow you to come to a conclusion in a more objective way.
bandwagon
n. 밴드왜건(악대를 실은 마차); 시류를 탄 움직임
The term “bandwagon” refers to a wagon that carried a band through the crowd.
psychology
n. 심리, 심리학
In psychology, the bandwagon effect refers to a phenomenon in which people do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs.
phenomenon
n. 현상
In psychology, the bandwagon effect refers to a phenomenon in which people do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs.
conform
v. 따르다, 순응하다
Since human beings are social animals, the desire to conform is a part of our nature.
political
a. 정치의
It may cause people to vote for an already popular political candidate without carefully examining his or her character and policies.
candidate
n. 후보자
It may cause people to vote for an already popular political candidate without carefully examining his or her character and policies.
broadcast
n. 방송 프로그램
When the Nazi party was new and unknown, he used radio broadcasts to make his party appear important and popular.
horrible
a. 끔찍한, 무서운
People wanted to support the popular party because their friends supported the party, in spite of its horrible beliefs and actions.
advisable
a. 타당한, 현명한, 바람직한
That is why it is advisable to be aware of the bandwagon effect and guard yourself against it, even if you eventually decide that “most people” are right.
reflect
v. 곰곰이 생각하다, 심사숙고하다
As Mark Twain said, “Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.”
manipulation
n. 조작
When manipulation of information succeeds in altering the audience’s decisions or judgments, it is called the framing effect.
alter
v. 바꾸다
When manipulation of information succeeds in altering the audience’s decisions or judgments, it is called the framing effect.
decisive
a. 결정적인, 중대한
The framing effect is also common in the mass media, where it often has a decisive impact on public opinion.
migrant
n. 이주자
A newspaper may have a headline saying “EU migrants cost the UK government ₤408.12 per second in public expenditures."
expenditure
n. 경비, 비용
A newspaper may have a headline saying “EU migrants cost the UK government ₤408.12 per second in public expenditures.
contribute
v. 기여하다, 공헌하다
Another newspaper may write “EU migrants contribute ₤463.35 per second in revenue” as a headline.
revenue
n. 수입, 수익
Another newspaper may write “EU migrants contribute ₤463.35 per second in revenue” as a headline.
hostile
a. 적대적인, 냉담한
A newspaper may have a headline saying “EU migrants cost the
UK government ₤408.12 per second in public expenditures,” which will immediately lead many readers to have a hostile attitude toward immigrants.
immigrant
n. 이민자
A newspaper may have a headline saying “EU migrants cost the
UK government ₤408.12 per second in public expenditures,”, which will immediately lead many readers to have a hostile attitude toward immigrants.
generate
v. 발생시키다, 야기하다
Another newspaper may write “EU migrants contribute ₤463.35 per second in revenue” as a headline and put the rest later, which will generate a completely different response among its readers.
calculate
v. 계산하다
You can calculate how much a gym membership would cost per month or per year even though the gym owner advertises it as 1,370 won a day.
option
n. 선택, 선택사항
Another way is to consider options and possibilities that are not included in the information.
unfair
a. 불공평한
What makes cognitive biases dangerous is that they prevent us from realizing how unreasonable and unfair ideas may be.
intuitive
a. 직관적인
System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional.
immediate
a. 즉각적인
It is most helpful in familiar situations when time is short and immediate action is required.
ahead
ad. 미리, 앞에
You have to plan ahead and consider all your options.
take over
대체하다
System 2 takes over when System 1 runs into difficulty.
impulse
n. 충동, 자극
Another task of System 2 is to overcome the impulses and habitual patterns of System 1 when System 1 makes us feel overconfident about what we know and fails to acknowledge our ignorance.
ignorance
n. 무지, 무시
Another task of System 2 is to overcome the impulses and habitual patterns of System 1 when System 1 makes us feel overconfident about what we know and fails to acknowledge our ignorance.
second-guess
v. (결과 등을) 예측하다
System 2 is in charge of second-guessing and controlling our impulses.
superior
a. 우월한
According to Kahneman, System 2 clearly produces the superior answers in most situations.
impractical
a. 비실용적인
As a way to live our lives, however, constant control by System 2 is not necessarily good, and it is certainly impractical.
avoid
v. 피하다, 모면하다
The best we can do is to learn to recognize situations in which mistakes are likely and try to avoid these mistakes.
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