n. 특질, 특성
Crying is a human characteristic that other animals do not have.
species
n. 종
Some species shed tears as a result of pain or irritation.
shed
v. (피, 땀, 눈물을) 흘리다
Some species shed tears as a result of pain or irritation.
irritation
n. 자극, 자극물, 염증
Some species shed tears as a result of pain or irritation.
creature
n. 생물
Humans are currently known as the only creatures whose tears can be triggered by their feelings.
trigger
v. 유발하다, 촉발시키다
Humans are currently known as the only creatures whose tears can be triggered by their feelings.
declare
v. 선언하다, 강조하다
Charles Darwin once declared emotional tears “purposeless.”
purposeless
a. 무의미한, 무익한
Charles Darwin once declared emotional tears “purposeless.”
contrary to
~와는 반대로 Contrary to Darwin’s declaration, scientists have found that crying plays a far more important role than was once believed.
in response to
~에 응하여
Crying is scientifically defined as the shedding of tears in response to an emotional state.
psychic
a. 마음의, 정신의
Differentiated from psychic or emotional tears, non-emotional tears are divided into two types.
differentiate
v. 차별화시키다, 구별 짓다 Differentiated from psychic or emotional tears, non-emotional tears are divided into two types.
basal
a. 기저의, 기초가 되는 Basal tears flow continuously to moisturize the eyes.
reflex
a. 반사적인, 반사 작용의 Reflex tears are the tears you shed in spite of yourself when you slice a raw onion or encounter a cloud of dust.
conscious
a. 의식하고 있는
You are not conscious of the flow of basal tears until your eyes get dry due to their absence.
in spite of oneself
자기도 모르게
Reflex tears are the tears you shed in spite of yourself when you slice a raw onion or encounter a cloud of dust.
encounter
v. ~와 우연히 만나다, 직면하다
Reflex tears are the tears you shed in spite of yourself when you slice a raw onion or encounter a cloud of dust.
irritant
n. 자극물
These tears help clear the eyes of such irritants as the gas from the onion or dust particles.
particle
n. 작은 조각, 입자
These tears help clear the eyes of such irritants as the gas from the onion or dust particles.
lacrimal gland
누선, 눈물샘
A tear is produced from the lacrimal gland.
fate
n. 운명
When a tear is produced from the lacrimal gland, it has two fates.
drain
v. 흘러나가다, 물이 빠지다
Your tear can drain down the tiny hole in the corner of the eye.
volume
n. 양, 분량
Your drainage system simply cannot deal with the volume of tears.
excess
a. 초과한
The excess fluid flows over your eyelids and down your cheeks.
fluid
n. 분비액, 유체
The excess fluid flows over your eyelids and down your cheeks.
eyelid
n. 눈꺼풀
The excess fluid flows over your eyelids and down your cheeks.
prevailing
a. 지배적인, 널리 퍼져있는
A prevailing theory in the 1600s held that emotions heated the heart, which generated water vapor in order to cool itself down.
vapor
n. 증기, 기체
A prevailing theory in the 1600s held that emotions heated the heart, which generated water vapor in order to cool itself down.
toxic
a. 유독한
A theory that crying removes toxic substances from the body that build up during times of stress gained some popularity in the 20th century.
substance
n. 물질
A theory that crying removes toxic substances from the body that build up during times of stress gained some popularity in the 20th century.
build up
쌓아 올리다
A theory that crying removes toxic substances from the body that build up during times of stress gained some popularity in the 20th century.
mount
v. (수량, 정도가) 높아지다, 늘다
In recent years, evidence is mounting in support of new theories.
in support of
~을 지지하여
In recent years, evidence is mounting in support of new theories.
bonding
n. 긴밀한 유대
Emotional tears trigger social bonding and human connection.
unequipped
a. 준비가 안 된
We come into the world physically and emotionally unequipped to deal with anything on our own.
capable
a. 능력이 있는
Even though we become more capable as we grow, we never quite grow out of occasional attacks of helplessness.
grow out of
~에서 벗어나다, 자라서 ~이 고쳐지다
Even though we become more capable as we grow, we never quite grow out of occasional attacks of helplessness.
occasional
a. 가끔의, 비정기적인
Even though we become more capable as we grow, we never quite grow out of occasional attacks of helplessness.
cope with
극복하다, 대처하다
We are experiencing some important problem that is beyond our ability to cope with.
reach out
~을 도와주다
Participants were much more likely to reach out to the person in the first photo.
layer
n. 층
All types of tears have three layers.
mucus
n. 점액, 진
A thin mucus layer sits directly on the eye.
evaporate
v. 증발하다
A thin oily layer on top prevents the tear from evaporating.
portion
n. 일부, 몫
The watery portion of reflex tears is larger and has higher levels of antibodies that can stop harmful microorganisms.
antibody
n. 항체
The watery portion of reflex tears is larger and has higher levels of antibodies that can stop harmful microorganisms.
microorganism
n. 미생물
The watery portion of reflex tears is larger and has higher levels of antibodies that can stop harmful microorganisms.
protein
n. 단백질
Emotional tears contain more protein.
sticky
a. 끈적거리는
This higher protein content makes emotional tears stickier.
bring out
~을 끌어내다, 데리고 나오다
The more visible tears are, the more likely they are to bring out compassion from observers.
compassion
n. 연민, 동정
The more visible tears are, the more likely they are to bring out compassion from observers.
evolutionarily
ad. 진화론적으로
There must have been some point in time, evolutionarily, when tears became something that automatically set off empathy and compassion in another.
set off
~을 유발하다
There must have been some point in time, evolutionarily, when tears became something that automatically set off empathy and compassion in another.
empathy
n. 감정이입, 공감
There must have been some point in time, evolutionarily, when tears became something that automatically set off empathy and compassion in another.
manipulate
v. 조종하다
A less touching theory about emotional tears focuses on crying’s ability to manipulate others.
guilty
a. 자책하는, 유죄의
When someone feels guilty, they have a greater chance of being forgiven as long as tears are running down their face.
forgive
v. 용서하다
When someone feels guilty, they have a greater chance of being forgiven as long as tears are running down their face.
molecule
n. 분자
Some researchers are even looking into the molecules in tears to see if there is one that is responsible for reducing aggression.
aggression
n. 공격성
Some researchers are even looking into the molecules in tears to see if there is one that is responsible for reducing aggression.
arise
v. 일어나다, 발생하다
Then, a question arises.
tendency
n. 경향, 추세
People who do not cry have a tendency to withdraw and describe their relationship experiences as less connected.
withdraw
v. 혼자만의 세계에 틀어박히다
People who do not cry have a tendency to withdraw and describe their relationship experiences as less connected.
affect
v. 영향을 미치다
Emotional states affect the production of tears.
identify
v. 확인하다
Some patients have difficulty identifying their own feelings.
immediate
a. 즉시의, 즉각의
Crying is not always followed by immediate relief.
relief
n. 안심, 안도
Crying is not always followed by immediate relief.
measure
v. 측정하다
Participants had their mood measured right after watching a sad movie.
set in
시작되다
Participants were given enough time for the benefits of crying to set in.
demonstrate
v. 입증하다, 보여주다
Crying demonstrates our deep connections with our world.
domain
n. (학문, 사상 등) 분야, 영역
Today, women are displaying their talents and abilities in almost every domain of human effort.
sector
n. (산업 따위의) 부분, 부문
Women compete with men in once male-dominated sectors.
in the course of time
시간이 지나자, 세월이 흐른 후에 In the course of time women’s rights have progressed a lot.
severely
a. 심하게
Women were severely restricted in their working lives due to irrational discrimination against them.
restrict
v. 규제하다
Women were severely restricted in their working lives due to irrational discrimination against them.
irrational
a. 비이성적인, 비합리적인
Women were severely restricted in their working lives due to irrational discrimination against them.
discrimination
n. 차별
Women were severely restricted in their working lives due to irrational discrimination against them.
equality
n. 평등 Equality has long been considered one of the noblest human values in America.
privilege
n. 특권
Women were once not able to enjoy the same rights and privileges as men.
eligible
a. 적격의, 적임의
Women also were not eligible for admissions to Ivy League universities.
admission
n. 입학, 입장
Women also were not eligible for admissions to Ivy League universities.
jury
n. 배심원단
In some states in America women were kept out of jury pools.
fragile
a. 허약한, 연약한
Women were thought to be too fragile to hear the horrible details of crimes.
by nature
천성적으로
Women were thought to be too sympathetic by nature to be able to remain objective about those accused of offenses.
accused of
~로 기소된
Women were thought to be too sympathetic by nature to be able to remain objective about those accused of offenses.
offence
n. 위반, 경범죄
Women were thought to be too sympathetic by nature to be able to remain objective about those accused of offenses.
revolutionary
a. 혁명적인, 혁신적인
During the 1960s revolutionary changes emerged in American society.
initially
a. 애초에, 처음에 Initially, the demands for change were triggered by sustained racial discrimination against African-Americans.
call for
~를 요구하다, 요청하다
The Civil Rights Movement called for all people to receive equal treatment.
suppress
v. 억압하다, 억누르다
People who had been treated unfairly began to organize collective movements to regain their suppressed rights.
regardless of
~와 상관없이
People demanded equality for all people regardless of race, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, or other characteristics.
disability
n. 장애
People demanded equality for all people regardless of race, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, or other characteristics.
invisible
a. 보이지 않는
Women begin to challenge both the visible and the invisible restrictions put upon them by outdated societal stereotypes.
societal
a. 사회의
Women begin to challenge both the visible and the invisible restrictions put upon them by outdated societal stereotypes.
stereotype
n. 고정관념, 전형
Women begin to challenge both the visible and the invisible restrictions put upon them by outdated societal stereotypes.
due
a. 마땅한, 당연한
Women struggled to gain their due rights as equals to men.
barrier
n. 장벽, 방해물
A brave female athlete was able to overcome one barrier in the male-dominated athletic culture.
major
n. 소령
Kathrine Switzer was born in Germany, the daughter of a major who was stationed there in the United States Army.
station
v. ~을 주둔시키다
Kathrine Switzer was born in Germany, the daughter of a major who was stationed there in the United States Army.
unofficially
a. 비공식적으로
Switzer trained unofficially with the men’s cross-country team.
intensely
ad. 강하게, 매우
Briggs intensely discouraged Switzer, saying women could not run in the marathon.
discourage
v. 용기를 꺾다, 말리다
Briggs intensely discouraged Switzer, saying women could not run in the marathon.
insistence
n. 고집, 주장, 강조
Upon Switzer's insistence, Briggs finally agreed to let her sign up for the race.
sign up for
~을 신청하다, ~에 등록하다
Upon Switzer's insistence, Briggs finally agreed to let her sign up for the race.
entry
n. 참가, 출전
Switzer and her coach checked the rule book and entry form.
taken for granted
당연시 되는
At that time, it was taken for granted that only men could enter the race.
controversy
n. 논란
To avoid the controversy that would come with her registration as a woman, she entered as “K.V. Switzer.”
registration
n. 등록
To avoid the controversy that would come with her registration as a woman, she entered as “K.V. Switzer.”
bib
n. 참가번호
Switzer was given the bib number 261.
pilgrim
n. 순례자
Switzer was one of the pilgrims.
scream
v. 소리치다, 비명을 지르다
A man in the middle of the road screamed at Switzer.
swipe
v. 휘둘러 치다, 후려치다
Semple continued to swipe at the bib number on Switzer's back.
embarrassment
n. 당황
Having never felt such embarrassment and fear before, Switzer wondered if she should step off the course.
flicker
n. 잠깐 스침
That thought, however, was only a flicker.
be capable of
~할 수 있다
Switzer proved with an official bib number and time that womenare capable of running long distances.
one-off
a. 일회성의
To the male runners it was a one-off event.
doubt
n. 의심
Without a doubt, it was a lot more than that to Switzer.
convince
v. 설득하다
Switzer tried to convince the Boston Athletic Association to allow women to participate in the marathon.
association
n. 협회
Switzer tried to convince the Boston Athletic Association to allow women to participate in the marathon.
participate in
~에 참가하다
Switzer tried to convince the Boston Athletic Association to allow women to participate in the marathon.
ceaseless
a. 부단한, 끊임없는
Switzer's ceaseless efforts to achieve gender equality in the marathon finally led the 1984 Olympic Games to introduce the women’s marathon.
gender
n. 성
Switzer's ceaseless efforts to achieve gender equality in the marathon finally led the 1984 Olympic Games to introduce the women’s marathon.
be inducted into
~에 추대되다, ~에 입성하다
Switzer was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2011.
Hall of Fame
명예의 전당
Switzer was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2011.
empower
v. 권능을 부여하다, 힘을 주다
Switzer created a social revolution by empowering women around the world through running.
attention
n. 주목, 주의집중
Switzer once again ran in the marathon, getting the media’s attention globally with the same bib number that was assigned to her in 1967.
assign
v. 부여하다, 할당하다
Switzer once again ran in the marathon, getting the media’s attention globally with the same bib number that was assigned to her in 1967.
acceptance
n. 수락, 인정, 동의
Switzer secured acceptance of the notion that elderly runners should be able to compete with younger ones.
notion
n. 개념
Switzer secured acceptance of the notion that elderly runners should be able to compete with younger ones.
in honor of
~을 기리기 위해 In honor of Switzer’s accomplishment, the Boston Athletic Association announced it would retire bib number 261.
retire
v. 은퇴시키다, 영구 사용중지하다 In honor of Switzer’s accomplishment, the Boston Athletic Association announced it would retire bib number 261.
고객센터
전화문의 070-4042-1075
