v. 도전하다, 이의를 제기하다
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
as a result of
∙∙∙의 결과로서
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
globalization
n. 세계화
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
practice
n. 관습, 관행, 실행
The practice of eating a home-cooked meal for lunch continues.
delivery
n. 배달
In Mumbai, many people who work in offices far from home rely on an express food delivery service run by dabbawalas
rely on
∙∙∙에 의지[의존]하다
In Mumbai, many people who work in offices far from home rely on an express food delivery service run by dabbawalas.
destination
n. 목적지
Most dabbas, or lunches, reach their destination after passing through several pairs of hands.
typical
a. 전형적인, 대표적인
A typical scenario would have one person on a bicycle pick up a dabba by 9:00 a.m. from about thirty different addresses.
pick up
수거하다
A typical scenario would have one person on a bicycle pick up a dabba by 9:01 a.m. from about thirty different addresses.
assign
v. 할당하다, 부여하다
After collecting all of the dabbas assigned to him, he takes them to the nearest train station.
load
v. 싣다
Another person loads each dabba onto the right train, sending them off in different directions.
direction
n. 방향
Another person loads each dabba onto the right train, sending them off in different directions.
distribute
v. 분배하다, 나누어주다
Finally, a fourth person picks up the boxes at the receiving station and distributes them, again by bicycle, to each customerʼs office, all by 12:30 p.m.
procedure
n. 절차, 방법
The empty dabbas are picked up and are returned to their original addresses, following the same procedure in reverse.
in reverse
반대로
The empty dabbas are picked up and are returned to their original addresses, following the same procedure in reverse.
hire
v. 고용하다
The dabbawala service began around 1890, when a banker hired a young man to deliver a lunch box from his home to his Mumbai office.
expand
v. 확대되다
When demand for the service expanded, a businessman started the lunch-delivery service in its present format.
present
a. 현재의
When demand for the service expanded, a businessman started the lunch-delivery service in its present format.
middle-class
중산층(의)
Those who use the dabbawala service are mostly middle-class office workers who live in one of Mumbai’s suburbs.
suburb
n. 교외
Those who use the dabbawala service are mostly middle-class office workers who live in one of Mumbai’s suburbs.
packed
a. 만원의, (사람들로) 꽉 들어찬
They have to leave for the office early in the morning, riding on a packed train.
dietary
a. 식단의
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
restriction
n. 제한, 규제
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
depending upon
∙∙∙에 따라
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
religion
n. 종교
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
approximately
ad. 대략
Today approximately 5,000 dabbawalas cover 70 square kilometers in and around Mumbai.
conduct
v. (특정한 활동을) 하다
Dabbawalas conduct about 400,000 transactions daily.
transaction
n. 거래, 매매
Dabbawalas conduct about 400,000 transactions daily.
strife
n. 갈등, 불화, 다툼
Dabbawalas even deliver in the pouring rain and during political strife.
hardly
ad. 거의 ∙∙∙아니다[없다]
Surprisingly, hardly any cases of late or mistaken delivery are ever reported.
accuracy
n. 정확성
The dabbawalas are proud of their 99 99 percent accuracy rate, which means just one mistake in every six million deliveries.
considering
∙∙∙을 고려할 때
It is an amazing record, considering that most of the dabbawalas are illiterate.
illiterate
a. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 모르는
It is an amazing record, considering that most of the dabbawalas are illiterate.
coding
n. 부호화, 암호화
The secret to this error-free system is in a coding system.
specific
a. 특정한
These codes tell the dabbawala where the food comes from and which railway stations it must pass through on its way to a specific office in Mumbai.
organization
n. 조직
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
outstanding
a. 뛰어난
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
efficient
a. 효율적인
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
distribution
n. 유통, 분배, 배분
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
operating cost
n. 운영비
The dabbawala organization is simple, relies on teamwork, has a low operating cost, and delivers almost 100 percent customer satisfaction.
satisfaction
n. 만족(도)
The dabbawala organization is simple, relies on teamwork, has a low operating cost, and delivers almost 100 percent customer satisfaction.
corporation
n. (큰 규모의) 기업[회사]
It is not surprising that business schools and large corporations around the world learn from the dabbawala system.
benefit
n. 혜택, 이점
Today, most people cannot imagine an efficient delivery system operating without the benefit of technology.
demonstrate
v. 입증하다
Dabbawalas demonstrate that with no form of technology, some of the old ways may still be the best ways.
industrialize
v. 산업화하다
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects.
architect
n. 건축가
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects.
claim
v. 주장하다
Few countries can claim to have produced a great architect.
embarrassment
n. 당황, 당혹감
One country that can make that claim without embarrassment is Spain.
summit
n. 정상, 산꼭대기, 정점
At the summit of the Spain’s architectural genius, stands Antoni Gaudi.
fascinate
v. 매혹[매료]시키다
As a child, Gaudi was fascinated by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside.
take an interest in
∙∙∙에게 관심을 갖다
Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona.
architecture
n. 건축(물); 건축 양식
Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona.
construction
n. 건설, 건축(물)
Most of Gaudi's constructions use curved stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs.
bold
a. 대담한; (색이) 선명한
Gaudi’s work is also known for its use of bold colors.
decorate
v. 장식하다
Gaudi decorated many of his buildings with colorful tiles.
complete
v. 완성[완료]하다
Gaudi completed Parc Güell in 1914.
admire
v. 감탄하다, 높이 평가하다
Parc Güell was built for Eusebi Güell, a rich businessman who admired Gaudi’s style.
structure
n. 구조물
Parc Güell contains amazing stone structures, gorgeous tiles, and beautiful buildings.
fountain
n. 분수
Parc Güell is home to a famous dragon fountain, covered with beautiful colored tiles.
renovate
v. 개조하다, 보수하다
Casa Batllo is a house renovated by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906.
original
a. 원래의
Built in 1877, the original building was very different from what it is today.
purchase
v. 구매하다
When it was purchased by Joseph Batllo, he asked Gaudi to add his impressive touch to the design.
skull
n. 해골
From the outside, Casa Batllo looks as if it was made from skulls and bones.
column
n. 기둥
The “skulls” are in fact balconies and the “bones” are supporting stone columns between the windows.
remind A of B
A에게 B를 생각나게 하다
Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall reminds people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves.
inspire
v. 영감을 주다
Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall reminds people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves.
ceiling
n. 천장
Everything is curved, including the walls, the ceilings, and the wooden doors.
anniversary
n. 기념일
It is expected that the church will be completed in 2026, on the 100th anniversary of Gaudi’s death.
incomplete
a. 불완전한
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.5 million tourists every year.
state
n. 상태
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.6 million tourists every year.
incredible
a. 믿을 수 없는, 놀라운
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.7 million tourists every year.
catch one's eye
눈(길)을 사로잡다
When you step inside the church, the large columns supporting the ceiling immediately catch your eye.
skylight
n. 채광창
Between the columns are skylights to let natural light in.
filter
v. 여과하다
The colorful stained glass windows filter the sunlight and project red, blue, and green light all over the interior space.
transform
v. 변형[변모]시키다, 탈바꿈하다
The tree-like columns and the different light at different times of the day transform the inside of the church into a stone forest.
heritage
n. (나라∙기업) 유산
All are recognized as important works of architecture, and seven have been named UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
extraordinary
a. 비범한, 보기 드문
These extraordinary works show how important Gaudi was to the development of modern architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
imaginative
a. 상상의, 상상력이 풍부한
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
unique
a. 독특한, 특이한, 유일무이한
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
characterize
v. ∙∙∙의 특징이 되다
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
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