Reading Future-Change 2 (E)

artificial

not natural; made by people
He uses specially-made artificial legs.

fake

not real or true
The painting was judged a fake.

replace

to take the place of something that was there before
Teachers will never be replaced by computers in the classroom.

electronic

using electricity to move or work
This dictionary is available in electronic form.

rotating

moving around a point in the center
Since the Earth is rotating, two tides occur each day.

extend

to make longer
There are plans to extend the non-smoking area.

download

to move information from the internet
To cancel the download, press the ESC key.

straight

going directly from one point to another
The city was well-planned, and almost all of its streets are straight.

throughout

during every part of
As I worked throughout the night, I felt more tired.

exchange

to give something and get something back
I can't exchange things without them.

commodity

something you can sell for money
Which commodity cost $5.12 three years ago?

value

how important, useful, or expensive something is
Its value cannot be measured by money.

spice

part of a plant used to make food taste better
Cinnamon is the bark of a tree and is used as a spice.

metal

a hard, strong material that bends or melts with heat
The frame is made of metal.

coin

a form of money that is flat and round
We had a few coins jingling in her pockets.

stamp

to mark by pressing a design onto the surface
Always use a date stamp when you file letters.

market

a place where people can buy things
There's a lot of competition in the domestic market.

company

a business
My dad owns a small company.

stock

small parts of a business that people can own
People buy stock when the market is low.

sell

to give something in return for money
As a matter of fact, my mother wants to sell her car.

capital

money used to start a business
The most common cause of business failure is lack of capital.

expand

to grow in size
The balloon expands with air.

investment

money people put into something that will add to its value
Why do they want to restrict foreign investment?

careful

paying attention to one’s actions
Drivers, be careful on icy roads.

credit

borrowing money and paying it back in the future
We bought the dishwasher on credit.

due

expected at a certain time
When's the baby due?

bill

a note showing the money that must be paid for something
She always pays her bills on time.

payment

money given to someone for goods or services
There will be a penalty for late payment of bills.

the rest

what is left over
She stayed in Poland for the rest of his life.

interest

extra money you pay if you borrow money
The money was repaid with interest.

abuse

to use for a bad reason
The manager had been abusing his power for a long time.

remind

to ask someone not to forget
She reminds me of my niece.

feature

a part of something that makes it special
An interesting feature of the city is the old market.

recognize

to know someone or something
I recognized him as soon as he came into the room.

record

to make a copy of images or sounds
His speech has been recorded on tape.

exactly

in a perfect way
I know exactly how she felt.

distance

the space between two points
Paul has to drive very long distances as part of his job.

width

how wide something is
It's about 10 meters in width.

identify

to pick out or select
Babies can identify their parents.

crowd

a large group of people
He pushed his way through the crowd.

ready

in a good position to do something
Are you ready to leave on your vacation?

cost

the amount to be paid to get something
Tickets cost ten dollars each.

bottle

something used to hold drinks
How do I open this bottle?

everything

all together
Pick up everything on the floor.

spend

to pay money for something
How much time do you spend responding to email each day?

perfect

the best; ideal
You picked the perfect time for a vacation.

less than

a smaller amount of something
The budget is less than last year.

still

until then or now
Much more still remains to be done.

measure

to find out how far or how tall something is
The rainfall was measured over a three-month period.

widely

very much or by a lot of people
Computers are widely used as communication tools.

continue

to go on without stopping
I will continue with my work.

mile

a unit of distance on land in the imperial system
A mile is about 1.6 kilometers.

mission

an important job
My mission is to clean up.

climate

the weather of a place over time
The climate here is humid.

unfortunately

used to say that something is sad or has bad luck
unfortunately, it also has a sharply declining birth rate.

program

a set of instructions that tells a computer how to do something
She loaded the program into the computer.

creative

original or clever
I’ve always liked to be creative.

collect

to bring things together
I collect coins over the world.

dead

no longer living
My dog is dead.

manual

doing something by hand, without electricity
The machine is on the manual mode.

tool

something you can use to help you do work
One workman is handing the other a tool.

figure out

to understand or solve something
We couldn't figure out the answer to the puzzle.

estimate

a best guess
The estimation wasn’t clear.

length

the measurement of something from one end to another end
We measured the length of the room to purchase new beds.

athlete

a person who is trained in or good at sports
She is a dedicated athlete who practices every day.

recent

happening a short time ago
He changed in recent years.

likely

probably
It is likely her who drank the water.

randomly

by chance
I was picked randomly.

outcome

result
No matter the outcome, this case will be costly.

influence

an effect
The CEO has influence on the employees.

opponent

a person or group that tries to do better than another
He beat his opponent by 500 votes.

advantage

a way that something is better than another thing
He turned the problem to his advantage.

silent

without sound
The judge asked the court to be silent.

realize

to learn; to understand
Do you realize how much that costs?

common

done by many people; usual
The idea is universally common.

traffic

all the cars and trucks driving on a road
There is usually heavy traffic on this road after 4PM.

construction

the building of things
The construction worker is driving a tractor.

health

the condition of the body
My child's health put me under a lot of stress.

serious

being important or possibly dangerous
He was serious about the matter.

reduce

to make something smaller
We need to reduce our spending.

organs

things inside your body
The eyeball is a delicate organ.

depend on

to need
People began to depend on machines a lot.

area

place
She knows the local area very well.

chamber

a closed space inside something
People burned fires in the chamber.

pump

to make liquid or gas flow
The heart pumps blood around the body.

fist

a hand closed tightly, with fingers bent into the palm
He punched me with his fist.

fill

to make something full
Please fill this glass for me.

keep

to make something stay the same
She kept the children amused for hours.

series

a number of things that come one after the other
He wrote down a series of historical facts.

return

to come back
He is planning to return home.

storyline

the plot of a piece of fiction
Here is the storyline of this book.

central

the middle or most important part of something
The central part of the city is densely populated.

format

the way something is organized
Select the appropriate file format.

choice

a selection; something you pick
It is your choice to go out or not.

link

text that takes you to a web page when you click it
A site link bridge must contain at least two site links.

literature

books, plays, and poetry in written form
I read a wide selection of English literature.

genre

a type of literature
The genre of this movie is horror.

emotion

a feeling a person can have
Tom couldn’t control his emotion.

fiction

writing that is not about real things
This story is fiction but based on fact.

contain

to be made up of
This movie contains violence.

newspaper

a daily or weekly journal of current events
I read about it in the newspaper.

magazine

a weekly or monthly publication which has articles and photos
I read a magazine article on a new type of medicine.

perform

to act out
She performs an important role in our organization.

directions

orders that tell you what to do
Let's stop and ask for directions.

example

something that shows a rule and looks like others of its kind
The dolphin is an example of a mammal that lives in water.

consider

to think about something carefully before deciding
I consider time to be more important than money.

appreciate

to like something because you know it’s good
I really appreciate you saying so!

reflect

to think about deeply
reflect on your mistake, and you’ll do better next time.

surface

the top part
Its surface area is similar to the total land mass of Japan.

trouble

difficulty; problem
She was on the phone for an hour telling me her troubles.

soil

part of the ground outside where plants can grow
Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil.

recommend

to suggest something or say you think something is good
I recommend that the work be done at once.

orphan

a child who has no parents
He was left an orphan at the age of five.

elderly

a polite way to say “old”
Wait for the elderly men to cross the road.

disappointed

sad or unhappy because something was not as good as you hoped
I was very disappointed in my friends.

arrive

to reach a place you are going to
I arrived at the airport early.

resist

to not accept or give in to something
I know you can't resist chocolates.

have a temper

to become angry easily
I have a temper sometimes.

positive

thinking of the good side
A positive attitude always makes success more likely.

attitude

a way you think or feel that you show in your actions
I cannot stand his selfish attitude.

cash

money in the form of paper notes and coins
How much cash do you have with you?

credit card

a plastic card used for paying
I paid by credit card for the dinner.

digital

made by computer technology
I bought new digital camera.

government

the group of people who control a country
The new government started making big changes right after the election.

wallet

a case to keep money
The man is putting papers in his wallet.

worth

the value of something
Their contribution was of great worth.

currency

money in any form
It is the main currency used to conduct foreign trade.

security

safety
The government should provide security for all people.